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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 142 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ESSAYS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 142 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ESSAYS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSPRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS
International nongovernmental organization - an international organization in which membership
is open to transnational actors. There are many different types, with membership from 'national'
NGOs, local NGOs, companies, political parties, or individual people.
International order - the normative and the institutional pattern in the relationship between
states. The elements of this might be thought to include such things as sovereignty, the forms of
diplomacy, international law, the role of the Great Powers, and the codes circumscribing the
use of force. It is a shared value and condition of stability and predictability in the relations of states.
International organization - any institution with formal procedures and formal membership from three
or more countries. The minimum number of countries is set at three rather than two, because
multilateral relationships have significantly greater complexity than bilateral relationships.
International system - a set of interrelated parts connected to form a whole. In Realist theory,
systems have defining principles such as hierarchy (in domestic politics) and anarchy (in
international politics).
International regime - a concept developed by neorealists to analyse the paradox—for them— that
international cooperation occurs in some issue-areas, despite the struggle for power between
states. They assume regimes are created and maintained by a dominant state and/or participation in
a regime is the result of a rational cost-benefit calculation by each state. In contrast, Pluralists would
also stress the independent impact of institutions, the importance of leadership, the involvement of
transnational NGOs and companies, and processes of cognitive change, such as growing concern
about human rights or the environment.
Internationalism - growing interactions between national states. This term is used to denote high
levels of international interaction and interdependence, most commonly with regard to the world-
economy. In this context it refers to the volume of international trade and investment and to the
organization of production. The term is often used to distinguish this condition from globalization as
the latter implies that there are no longer distinct national economies in a position to interact. It
also describes the increase in transactions among states reflected in flows of trade, investment, and
,capital (cf. the argument that these flows have not increased as much as is claimed: UNDP 1997).This
processes has been facilitated and are shaped by inter-state agreements on trade, investment, and
capital, as well as by domestic policies permitting the private sector to transact abroad
Justice - fair or morally defensible treatment for individuals, in the light of human rights
standards or standards of economic or social well-being.
Liberal rights - the agenda of human rights that is driven largely from a Western perspective and
derived from classical Liberal positions.
Liberalization - describes government policies which reduce the role of the state in the economy
such as through the dismantling of trade tariffs and barriers, the deregulation and opening of the
financial sector to foreign investors, and the privatization of state enterprises.
Modernism - has a variety of meanings but in the nationalism literature it is the view that nations
and nationalism are modern constructs and that the idea of a long pre-modern basis for nations
(whether primordialist or ethno-symbolist) is best understood as one element in modem nationalist
myth-making. However, modernists differ very much among themselves as to how
modernity has led to the construction of nations and nationalism
Multilateralism - the tendency for functional aspects of international relations (such as security,
trade, or environmental management) to be organized around large numbers of states, or
universally, rather than by unilateral state action.
Multipolarity - a distribution of power among a number (at least three) of major powers or
'poles'.
Mutually Assured Destruction - condition in which both superpowers possessed the capacity to
destroy their adversary even after being attacked first with nuclear weapons.
Nation - a group of people who recognize each other as sharing a common identity, with a focus
on a homeland.
Nationalism - the idea that the world is divided into nations which provide the overriding focus
of political identity and loyalty which in turn demands national self- determination.
, Nationalism also can refer to this idea in the form of a strong sense of identity (sentiment)
or organizations and movements seeking to realize this idea (politics).
Nation state - a political community in which the state claims legitimacy on the grounds that it
represents the nation. The nation-state would exist if nearly all the members of a single nation were
organized in a single state, without any other national communities being present. Although the
term is widely used, no such entities exist.
Natural law - the origin of natural law thinking can be traced to the classical Greeks and early
Christians, but in its modem form it is based on medieval Catholic theology. The central idea is that
human beings have an essential nature which dictates that certain kinds of human goods are
always and everywhere desired; because of this there are common moral standards that govern all
human relations and these common standards
can be discerned by the application of reason to human affairs.
Neoclassical realism - a version of Realism that combines both structural factors such as the distribution
of power and unit-level factors such as the interests of states (status quo or revisionist).
Neorealism - modification of the Realist approach, by recognizing economic resources—in addition
to military capabilities—are a basis for exercising influence. Also, the concept of a single
international system is abandoned in favour of analysing issue-specific systems, each characterized
by their own power structure. Thus Saudi Arabia may be the most powerful state in the politics of
oil, while Brazil is the most powerful in the politics of rainforests.
Nongovernmental organization - an organization, usually a grassroots one, with policy goals, but
neither governmental nor corporate in make-up. Examples include Amnesty International and the
Internati-onal Campaign to Ban Landmines. An NGO is any group of people relating to each other
regularly in some formal manner and engaging in collective action, provided that the activities are
non-commercial and non- violent, and are not on behalf of a government. People are often baffled
by the dry, bland term, 'non-governmental organization'. Nevertheless, some of the international
NGOs, such as Amnesty International, Greenpeace, or the Red Cross are better known than some
smaller countries.
Normative structure - international relations theory traditionally defines structure in material
terms, such as the distribution of power, and then treats structure as a constraint on actors. By
identifying a normative structure, Constructivists are noting how structures also are defined by
collectively held ideas such as knowledge, rules, beliefs, and norms that not only constrain actors,
but also construct categories of meaning, constitute their identities and interests, and define
standards of appropriate conduct. Critical here is the concept of a norm, a standard of appropriate
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