Advanced Pathophysiology- Chapter 2 Exam Questions with Verified Answers ( Already Passed)
Define cellular adaptation? - Answers Cellular adaptation is an ALTERATION that enables the cell to maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions. (REVERSIBLE, STRUCTURAL or FUNCTIONAL response to NORMA...
Define cellular adaptation? - Answers Cellular adaptation is an ALTERATION that enables the cell to
maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions. (REVERSIBLE, STRUCTURAL or FUNCTIONAL
response to NORMAL, PHYSIOLOGIC, ADVERSE or PATHOLOGIC condition.
Define cellular injury? - Answers any factor that DISRUPTS CELL STRUCTURE or DEPRIVES OF A CELL OF
OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS required for survival, may be reversible or irreversible, chemical, hypoxic, free
radical, unintentional or intentional, immunologic or inflammatory
Compare and contrast cellular injury and adaptation. - Answers Cellular adaptation and injury can both
be reversible, adaptation is neither normal nor injured, in the middle.
Define atrophy? - Answers Decrease in cellular size
Define physiologic atrophy (examples)? - Answers The thymus gland in childhood, the size of the uterus
shrinking after pregnancy
Define pathologic atrophy (examples)? - Answers Disuse and aging shrinking muscles, inadequate
nutrition making you skinny and weak
What 4 organs commonly experience atrophy? - Answers Muscles, Heart, Brain, Secondary Sex Organs
What is the cell appearance (3) in muscle atrophy? - Answers Fewer mitochondria, less ER, less
myofilament
Malnutrition causes what kind of cell death? - Answers Autophagy
Hallmark of autophagy (atrophy)? - Answers Membrane bound vesicles containing debris (ER and
mitochondria) and hydrolytic enzymes)
Definition of hypertrophy? - Answers Increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the
affected organ
What 2 types of signals trigger hypertrophy? - Answers 1) Mechanical: Stretch (work) 2) Trophic: Growth
factors and vasoactive agents
Give an example of hypertrophy? - Answers Kidney is removed, other kidney gets bigger
Define hyperplasia? - Answers Increase in the number of cells resulting from increased rate of cellular
division
When does a cell trigger hyperplasia? - Answers Response to injury occurs when the injury has been
severe and prolonged
Hyperplasia occurs with what other type of cell change? - Answers hypertrophy
, Give an example of hyperplasia? physiologic and pathological - Answers Loss of epithelial cells in liver
and kidney triggers more cell division...a person growing up
Give an example of physiologic (normal) hyperplasia? - Answers Compensatory hyperplasia (i.e.
Removing part of the liver and it grows back) adaptive mechanism allowing organs to grow
Give examples of cells compensating but not having full physiologic hyperplasia? - Answers Skeletal cells
replaced by satellite cells, cardiac cells (limited) and neurons replaced by glial cells.
Where and when does hormonal hyperplasia occur (2)? - Answers estrogen dependent organs (breast
and uterus) and during pregnancy
Give 3 cell characteristics of pathologic hyperplasia? - Answers Larger nucleus, clumping of chromatin,
one or more enlarged nucleoli
Define pathologic hyperplasia? - Answers Abnormal proliferation, can occur as response to excessive
hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells
Example of pathologic hyperplasia and its cause? - Answers Example: Pathologic hyperplasia of
endometrium: Too much estrogen than progesterone, Can be malignant
What is another name for dysplasia? - Answers Atypical hyperplasia (atypical and too many)
Out of all the cell adaptations, which one is not a truce adaptive process? - Answers Dysplasia
Define dysplasia? - Answers Abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells
Give an example of dysplasia? - Answers Abnormal pap smear
Is dysplasia indicative of cancer? - Answers No, the cells may be found next to malignant cells however
Define metaplasia? - Answers Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes less
differentiated cell type.
Give an example of metaplasia? - Answers Normal columnar cilia epithelium cells with stratified
squamous cells in the airway (new cells don't have cilia or secrete mucus)
What happens to the cell in necrosis? - Answers 1) dense clumping of genetic material 2)disruption of
plasma membrane and organelle membrane 3)Karyolyis 4)Pyknosis 5)Swelling of ER and mitochondria
5)leakage of contents
Define necrosis (macro)? - Answers Sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of self
digestion (autolysis)
Define necrosis (cell level)? - Answers Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling,mitochondrial dysfunction, and lack of typical features of apoptosis
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