Exam (elaborations)
Nrsg 201 Exam 1 With Complete Solutions Latest Update
- Course
- NRSG 201
- Institution
- Montana State University - Billings
Nrsg 201 Exam 1 With Complete Solutions Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
Nrsg 201 Exam 1 With Complete Solutions
Latest Update
anatomy
the science of body structures and the relationships among them
Physiology
the science of body functions- how the body parts work
Pathophysiology
functional changes associated with disease and aging
Homeostasis
the state of the relative stability of the body's internal environment
Levels of Structural Organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
chemical level
includes atoms and molecules
atoms are the smallest unit of matter
molecule- when two or more atoms join together
cellular level
- Molecules combine to form cells
- Cells: the basic structural and
functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
- Cells are the smallest living units in the human body
- Many kinds of cells in the body
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
- Muscle fibers, nerve cells, epithelial cells
tissue level
groups of similar cells that have a common function
organ level
different types of tissues join together
ex. stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver
system level
related organs with a common function
ex. digestive system
organismal level
all organ systems combined to make the whole organism
functions of human body
1. metabolism
2. responsiveness
3. movement
4. growth
5. differentiation
6. reproduction
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
ex. digestive processes
Catabolism
phase of metabolism, the breakdown of complex chemical substances into
simpler components
Anabolism
the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler
components
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Responsiveness
The body's ability to detect and respond to changes
Movement
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even
tiny structures inside cells
Growth
An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing
cells, an increase in the number of cells or both
Differentiation
The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo
differentiation are known as stem cells
Reproduction
Refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or
replacement or the production of a new individual
positive feedback
tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled
conditions
ex. child birth
negative feedback
reverses a change in a controlled condition
ex. increase in blood pressure
Receptors
body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends
input to a control center
afferent pathway
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
ex. nerve ending that can detect changes like temperature
control center
processes the signal and sends instructions
efferent pathway
Ex. the brain sets the narrow range or a set point within which a control
condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from the
receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
Effectors
A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces
a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
ex. Ex. When your body temperature drops sharply, your brain (control
center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors).
cranial cavity
formed by cranial bones and contains brain
vertebral cavity
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of
spinal nerves
thoracic cavity
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