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Bio 219 Exam 1: Questions With Solutions (Expert Verified)
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Bio 219 Exam 1: Questions With Solutions (Expert Verified)
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Bio 219 Exam 1: Questions With Solutions (ExpertVerified)
Basis of Evolution: cell theory (3 principles) Right Ans - 1. all living things
are made of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. all cells come from other cells
What are the macromolecules? Right Ans - Protein, Carb, Nucleic Acid,
Lipid
What's in a cell (broad) Right Ans - organelles (Golgi, mitochondria,
nucleus), water (solvent of cell), vitamins, salts/ions
How do cells keep us alive (broad) Right Ans - -taking energy, converting it,
and using it
-cell communication
-cell transport within and between
-respire
-replicate
-respond
-react chemically and mechanically
-regulate so cells doesn't go into equil.
-cells are an integrated system
All organisms are made mostly of ___. What does this cause? Right Ans -
water
-produces hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions within cell
cells are a(n) ___ ___ created by ____ (order, disorder, system) Right Ans -
Cells are an ordered system created by disorder
What chemicals are highest in your body? Right Ans - Oxygen, Carbon,
Hydrogen, Nitrogen
What are the macromolecular fundamentals (4) Right Ans - 1. Interactions
within cells are driven by molecular level interactions (bonds between atoms
like H bonding) and hydrophobic effects (bc we're mostly water)
,2. Cellular structures are built by maximizing entropy in spontaneous rxns
which arises from interactions with water
3. The cell is a nonequil. system based on coupled chemical reactions.
4. Interactions between molecules and molecular movement within the cell
occur by random thermal jostling of molecules.
Hydrogen bonding Right Ans - atoms have different electroneg = partial
charges
Rank bonds in the order of stability in the cell Right Ans - covalent > ionic >
H bond
-weak = flexibility, good for protein folding.
Non polar interactions are a result of Right Ans - dispersion
-nonpolar things are dispersed by polar things, causing them to join together
and minimize their interaction with polar stuff by moving to lowest energy
state (mean girls vs teachers)
-#1 contributor to proper protein folding
what is the #1 contributor to proper protein folding Right Ans - -non polar
dispersion by polar things
-high energy state near water and wants to decrease to become stable
-Driven by avoiding water and by maximizing entropy, their lowest energy
state is when they're together
molecules are always moving Right Ans - to lowest energy state with
highest entropy and to avoid water
Why are oil and water immiscible? Right Ans - they do not mix because oil
molecules stick together, not bc they are attracted to one another, but because
they're trying to avoid water and their lowest energy state is when they're
together
The polar head of the membrane interacts with water via which interaction:
covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonds Right Ans - H bonds because they have
,different charges, and because H bonds need to break and form, so they
should be weak and flexible.
The two phases of lipid bilayer interact via: covalent, ionic, hydrophobic
interactions Right Ans - hydrophobic interactions
Where on a protein is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic Right Ans - interacting
w cytoplasm/matrix: hydrophilic
interacting w membrane/inside of cell: hydrophobic
phosphate group Right Ans - PO4-
nucleic acid (RNA/DNA)
Amine group Right Ans - NH3+
Amino Acid
Methyl group Right Ans - -CH3, nonpolar
carbonyl group Right Ans - C=O, polar
Hydroxyl group Right Ans - CH3O
Carboxyl group Right Ans - COOH
Aldehyde group Right Ans - CHO (carbonyl with H)
sulfihydryl Right Ans - R-SH
Where do macromolecules come from? Right Ans - inorganic precursors
such as water, CO2, phosphate, amine, and oxygen from the soil that plants
convert to glucose, we eat the glucose and convert it into energy
Macromolecules: what is built depends on Right Ans - on chemical
structure of monomer
-polymers defined by structure and function
-order and combo matter
Monomer of proteins
Assembler Right Ans - amino acids (20)
, -Assembler: ribosome
Monomer of nucleic acid
Assembler Right Ans - nucleotide (A,T,C,G, and U for RNA)
-Assembler: DNA or RNA polymerase enzyme
monomer of polysaccharide
Assembler Right Ans - monosaccharides (glucose, sucrose, galactose,
lactose)
-Assembler: Glycosyl Transferase (transfer glucose)
monomer of lipids
Assembler Right Ans - fatty acids, glycerol, steroids
Hydrophobic, non polar, saturated
-Assembler: Fatty Acid Synthase
hierarchical assembly Right Ans - -synthesis of biological structures from
simple starting molecules to progressively more complex structures, usually
by self-assembly
-small organic monomers (amino acid) , macromolecules (protein),
supramolecular structure (membrane), organelle (mitochondria/chloroplast),
the cell, tissues, organisms, ecosystems
Macromolecular synthesis: step wise covalent bond formation Right Ans -
1. monomer activation:
raises reactant energy using energy (ATP), to decrease activation energy, via
attachment to carrier molecule. Typically has directionality (H and OH end).
Makes spont rxn faster
2. Activated monomer condensation/dehydration rxn:
to form dimer that can be elongated via an Assembler. Spontaneous process
(no energy required). Orientation/order matters because you can only add to
hydroxyl end that has a carrier and interacts with H to make H20. Carrier
present in both activated monomers, but one carrier and water is lost and
replaced with a covalent bond
3. Polymerization:
via repeated condensation reactions with activated monomers (has carriers)
in a directional manner. Polymerization continues until you get to
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