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BIO 669 Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% Solved | Rated A+ Cytokines - signaling molecules that regulate innate or adaptive immunity that are responsible for activating other cells and regulating the inflammatory response; they help stimulate the response to infection and tissue damage by gui...

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  • October 30, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
BIO 669 Exam 1 Questions and Answers

100% Solved | Rated A+


Cytokines - ✔✔signaling molecules that regulate innate or adaptive

immunity that are responsible for activating other cells and regulating the

inflammatory response; they help stimulate the response to infection and

tissue damage by guiding lymphocytes and leukocytes toward the area of

damage, stimulating healing, and increasing or decreasing inflammation;

there are multiple types of these cells, each with their own different roles in

the inflammatory response

Chemokines - ✔✔type of cytokines that are synthesized by many cells in

response to proinflammatory cytokines and induce chemotaxis to promote

phagocytosis and wound healing; e.g. monocyte/macrophage chemotactic

proteins, macrophage inflammatory proteins, and neutrophils

Cells that synthesize chemokines - ✔✔macrophages, fibroblasts,

endothelial cells

Interleukins - ✔✔type of cytokine made by white blood cells (produced

primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes) in response to stimulation of

,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or by other cytokines; there are many

different types of these cytokines

Interleukin-1 - ✔✔pro-inflammatory cytokine (activates and enhances

inflammatory response) that induces many acute phase proteins and is an

endogenous pyrogen

Endogenous pyrogen - ✔✔molecule that stimulates fever by resetting the

hypothalamic set point, setting the body's temperature set point higher so

that initially you feel cold as your body temperature as risen, but then as

the fever breaks and your temperature goes back down, you feel hot

Interleukin-10 - ✔✔anti-inflammatory cytokine that is primarily produced by

lymphocytes and suppresses the growth of other lymphocytes and the

production of proinflammatory cytokines of macrophages, which leads to a

down-regulation of both inflammatory and acquired immune response

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ✔✔cytokine secreted by macrophages in

response to PAMPs and toll-like receptor recognition that is a strong

inflammatory mediator and a key regulatory molecule for inflammation;

induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects

,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ✔✔- Induces fever by acting as an

endogenous pyrogen (also produces IL-1 and IL-6, which can also both

induce/increase fever)

- Increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins

- Causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis

- Can cause granuloma formation

TNF-A and biologic agents - ✔✔tumor necrosis factor alpha is the target of

many biologic agents that try to diminish the immune response when it is

overexpressed/out of proportion; since TNF-A enhances inflammation,

drugs that target TNF-A will ramp DOWN the inflammatory response; e.g.

used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease

(autoimmune conditions where immune system is too active)

Interferon - ✔✔cytokine that protects against viral infections and modulate

the inflammatory response

Interferons alpha and beta - ✔✔Type I interferons that are produced and

released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded

RNA and other viral PAMPs to protect neighboring healthy cells; don't kill

viruses directly

, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Interferon gamma - ✔✔Type II interferon that is produced primarily by

lymphocytes to activate macrophages, which results in increased capacity

to kill infectious agents like viruses (and bacteria); key cytokine; increases

microbicidal activity of macrophages

- Plays important role in how well you can clear infection

Mast cells - ✔✔white blood cells that are the most important cellular

activator of the inflammatory response; cellular bags of granule

- located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels (skin,

digestive lining, and respiratory tract)

- their granules contain histamine, cytokines, serotonin, and chemotactic

factors that when released, can lead to a significant inflammatory response

- mediator for pollen, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, etc.

Degranulation of mast cells - ✔✔most common activation of mast cell

chemical release

- the release of the contents of the mast cell granules (histamine, serotonin,

chemotactic factors, cytokines, etc.) in response to a receptor being

engaged that allows for the stimulation of mast cells

- this receptor is frequently an antibody acting as a receptor (e.g. IgE)

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