Exam (elaborations)
NSG 532 – ENDOCRINE TEST QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
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NSG 532 – ENDOCRINE TEST QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS...
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NSG 532 – ENDOCRINE TESTQUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
gland - ANSWER organ that synthesizes a chemical for release into the
bloodstream; 2) into body cavities and the body's exterior surface.
Endocrine glands discharge substances into the bloodstream.
exocrine - gland that releases into the body's cavities and exterior surface.
major glands - ANSWER: Critically essential glands composed of endocrine
and nervous tissues
The major glands - ANSWER: Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal
The secondary glands - ANSWER produces terminal hormone and responds to
targets.
The secondary glands - Answer: thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals,
pancreas, ovaries, and testis.
heart accessory endocrinocytes - answer atrial natriuretic peptide.
stomach accessory endocrinocytes - ANSWER gastrin, ghrelin
small intestine accessory endocrinocytes - ANSWER secretin, cholecystokinin,
glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.
kidney accessory endocrinocytes - ANSWER calcitriol; erythropoietin
Placental accessory endocrinocytes - ANSWER human chorionic gonadotropin
, Adipocytes endocrinocytes - ANSWER leptin, adiponectin, and resistin
Neuroendocrine cells serve to relay information between the nervous system
and the endocrine system. They also receive neuronal input from the ANS and
release hormones into the bloodstream. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
are major centers of neuroendocrine integration.
There are three classes of hormones. - Answer: Peptide/protein hormones,
amine hormones, and steroid hormones.
peptide/protein hormones: ANSWER hydrophilic (lipophobic)
Amine hormones: hydrophilic or hydrophobic (lipophobic or lipophilic)
steroid hormones are hydrophobic (lipophilic).
Peptide/protein hormones are synthesized as prohormones in RER and require
further cleavage to activate. They are stored in secretory vesicles and are polar,
hydrophilic, and lipid-insoluble. They are soluble in plasma and can be
transported freely in blood. They have G protein-coupled receptors and use a
second messenger transduction system. They regulate metabolic reactions
and/or gene expression/regulation.
Examples of peptide or protein hormones include hypothalamic hormones,
pituitary hormones, thyroid calcitonin, PTH, and thymic hormone.
Pancreatic hormones are primarily produced by endocrine cells in the kidneys,
stomach, small intestine, heart, liver, and bone marrow.
Steroid hormone characteristics - Corticosteroids and sex steroids are non-polar,
hydrophobic, and require blood carrier proteins for transport. They contain
cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors and directly regulate gene expression.
Cholesterol is the backbone structure of steroids.
steroid hormones examples - ANSWER -corticosteroid hormones of adrenal
cortex (aldosterone, cortisol, androgen)
-sex hormones of the testis (testosterone, DHT)
-sex steroid of ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
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