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AP CHEMISTRY EXAM PREP ( Latest 2024 / 2025 ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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AP CHEMISTRY EXAM PREP ( Latest 2024 / 2025 ) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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AP CHEMISTRY EXAM PREP1. Color of solutions: Fe2+: pale green solid
2. Color of solutions: Group 1 and 2 solids and solutions: Solids: white, solutions: colorless
3. Common spectators:: all group 1 cations, NH4+, Cl- (except AgCl)
4. Molar Mass using Ideal gas law:: M=mRT/PV
5. Graham's Law of Diffusion and Effusion (formula): rate1/rate2 = sqrt(molarmass2/molar
mass1)
~Heavier particles diffuse slower
6. Dalton's law of partial pressures:: Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3...
7. Speed of gases at the same temp:: gases with smaller molar masses are faster
8. KE of gases at the same temp:: equal
9. Rates of effusion and diffusion at the same temp:: smaller molar mass =faster
10. Density of gases at the same temp:: larger molar mass = higher density whenvolume is
equal
11. 7 Strong Acids: HI, HCl, HBr, HNO3, HClO3, HClO4, H2SO4
12. HNO2: nitrous acid (weak)
13. H2SO3: sulfurous acid (weak)
14. CH3COOH: acetic acid (weak)
15. HF: hydrofluoric acid (weak)
16. H3PO4: phosphoric acid (weak)
17. H3PO3: phosphorous acid (weak)
18. 4 pH equations:: 1) pH + pOH = 14
2) pH = -log[H+]
3) 10^-14 = [H+][OH-]
4) pOH = -log[OH-]
19. Bronsted-Lowry acid: proton donor and becomes conjugate base
20. principal quantum number: n=1-7, main energy level
21. angular momentum quantum number: l=0 through (n-1), shape of orbital
, 22. magnetic quantum number: m sub l= -l through l, orientation
23. spin: m sub s= +0.5 through -0.5, spin of e-
24. Lyman series: n=1, ultraviolet
25. Paschen series: n=3, infrared
26. Balmer series: n=2, visible light
27. Aufbau Principle: Always fill lowest energy level first
28. Hund's Rule: E- fill one at a time before pairing
29. Pauli Exclusion Principle: Max 2 e- in an orbital and spinning away
30. metal + nonmetal: salt
31. metal oxide + water: base
32. nonmetal oxide + water: acid
33. acid + base: salt + water
34. Atomic Radius: Increases down and decreases across; more p+ in the nucleus(Eff
increases)
35. Ionization energy: Increases across and decreases down; energy required toremove
outermost e- from the ground state. ALWAYS forms a cation
36. Electron affinity: Increases to the right and up, group 2, 12, and 18 don't haveit; the
energy change that happens when an atom gains an e-. ALWAYS forms an anion
37. Effective nuclear charge (Zeff=Z-S): Measures how strongly the valence e- areattracted to
the nucleus
38. mL to L: 1000 mL = 1 L
39. mg to g: 1000 mg = 1 g
40. nm to m: 10^9nm=1m
41. Specific heat units: J/gC or J/gK
42. Avogadro's number: 6.022 x 10^23 molecules or particles
43. Isotopes are:: atoms of an element with different masses (neutrons)
44. Average atomic mass formula:: sum of abundancy x amu = mass on periodictable
45. Light calculations units: hz, s^-1, m
46. Light constants: speed of light and planck's constant (on formula sheet)
47. Difference in Ionization energy to remove inner shell e- versus outer shell e-: Each
successive e- is harder to remove-->more p+ are pulling versus the remain- ing e-, and the size
shrinks and is closer to the nucleus
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