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NREMT EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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NREMT EXAM ACTUALQUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS 2024
Cardiogenic shock
-the type of shock caused by inadequate func7on of the heart. This develops
when the heart cannot maintain sufficient output to meet the demands of the
body
-caused by any disease or event which prevents heart pumping
-can occur directly a?er AMI up to 24 hours
Obstruc7ve shock
The type of shock that results when condi7ons that cause mechanical
obstruc7on of the cardiac muscle also impact pump func7on
ex. Cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
Beck's triad
Signs of a cardiac tamponade. JVD, narrowing BP pressures, muffled heart
sounds
Distribu7ve shock
The type of shock when there is widespread dila7on of the small arterioles,
venules, or both. Blood pools in the expanded vascular beds and 7ssue
perfusion decreases
Types of distribu7ve shock
Sep7c shock caused by severe infec7ons; neurogenic shock caused by damage
to the spinal cord (bradycardia, low BP, warm skin); anaphylac7c shock caused
by allergic reac7on; psychogenic shock
Hypovolemic shock
,The type of shock that results from an inadequate amount of fluid or volume in
the system
-15% of blood volume
How do you treat for shock?
Keep the pa7ent warm, control bleeding, put the pa7ent in a posi7on of
comfort, and administer high-flow oxygen
Brain damage without oxygen
-without enough oxygen, cardiac arrest or brain damage occurs within about 4
minutes
-permanent brain damage within 6 minutes
-death likely within 10 minutes
FBAO
-signs of blockage include inability to cough or speak or inability to ven7late
pa7ent
-bending pa7ent forward at the waist, support chest with one hand, use heel of
hand to give 5 back blows between shoulder blades
-then 5 abdominal thrusts
-alternate between the two un7l object is dislodged
-if pa7ent loses consciousness, give CPR star7ng with chest compressions
-given even if pa7ent has a pulse, so don't check
-before giving breaths, look inside mouth for any visible objects
FBAO in children
-using thigh for support, lay facing down along forearm; ensure head is lower
than the body
-give 5 firm back blows between blades
-5 chest thrusts; place 2 to 3 fingers in the middle of the chest just below the
,nipples. Push down 1.5 inches.
-alternate, unless lose consciousness, then CPR
Mouse to mouth/mouth to nose
-mouth to mouth performed when pa7ent does not have adequate breathing
and ar7ficial ven7la7on not available
-open airway
-place barrier device
-pinch nose and form seal around pa7ent's mouth
-check for FBAO if you do not see chest rise and fall
-give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds for adults and 1 every 3 for peds
Steps of CPR
Determine unresponsiveness. Check for breathing for up to 10 seconds. Check
caro7d pulse for up to 10 seconds. Begin CPR un7l AED is available. Give 30
compressions at 100 beats/min and then 2 breaths over the course of 1
second. Once an advanced airway is inserted, ven7late at a rate of 8-10
breaths/min and do not stop compressions.
This is exactly the same for children, except two-rescuer CPR is 15:2. If pa7ent
experiences a return of spontaneous circula7on, ven7late at a rate of 10-12
breaths/min.
Compression to breath ra7os
Under 8 years old:
-2 provider: 15:2
-1 provider: 30:2
-one third of chest diameter
older:
, -30:2 always
-2 inches
AED procedure
-if cardiac arrest was not seen by EMS, give 5 cycles of 30:2 before defibrilla7ng
-if cardiac arrest was seen, one EMT begins compressions and the other applies
AED
-if only one EMT available, apply AED immediately
-check for pulse 2 minutes a?er defib
-if no shockable rhythm, wait 2 minutes and re-analyze
When to place le? lateral
If pa7ent has adequate breathing and is uninjured. To maintain a patent airway
in an unresponsive pa7ent.
What to do if you fail to ven7late
If the breath doesn't go in successfully, reposi7on the pa7ent and try again. If
there is s7ll nothing, assume there is a foreign body obstruc7on and begin CPR
on an unresponsive apneic pa7ent. Con7nue to aiempt ven7la7ons and open
the mouth and look in every 7me.
Pneumothorax signs
-dyspnea, pleuri7c chest pain that worsens during inspira7on and expira7on,
absent or decreased breath sounds
-rupture of visceral lining
Pulmonary embolism signs
-dyspnea, acute chest pain, hemoptysis, cyanosis, tachypnea, hypoxia,
tachycardia?**
GCS Eye Opening
Spontaneous = 4
To voice = 3
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