NROS 310 Exam 1 Study Questions || All Questions Answered Correctly.
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Course
NROS 310
Institution
NROS 310
Describe the function of the following cellular structures:
- Nucleus
- ER
- Ribosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Golgi Apparatus
- Plasma Membrane correct answers Nucleus: Contains DNA that codes for proteins
Rough ER: Has ribosomes, site of protein synthesis, transports...
NROS 310 Exam 1 Study Questions || All Questions
Answered Correctly.
Describe the function of the following cellular structures:
- Nucleus
- ER
- Ribosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes
- Mitochondria
- Golgi Apparatus
- Plasma Membrane correct answers Nucleus: Contains DNA that codes for proteins
Rough ER: Has ribosomes, site of protein synthesis, transports proteins
Ribosomes: create proteins from mRNA through amino acid linkages, site of translation
Peroxisomes: Has catalase to protect against reactive oxygen species
Lysosomes: "stomach" of the cell, has degenerative enzymes to break stuff down
Mitochondria: produces energy in the form of ATP
Golgi apparatus: Intracellular transport, modifies proteins to sent to different parts of the cell
Plasma Membrane: Protects the cell and regulates passage of molecules in and out of the
cytoplasm
What are the nucleotides that make up DNA and how do they interact? What are the benefits of
having two strands of DNA rather than a single sequence? correct answers Guanine, Adenine,
Thymine, Cytosine
G --> C
A --> T
It is more stable to have two strands. Also, if one is damaged, the other strand can be used as a
template for repair
What is the definition of chromatin? correct answers Material of which chromosomes of
eukaryotes are composed. Consists of histone proteins, RNA, and DNA
What is the function of histones and why are they necessary? correct answers They function to
package DNA and store it in the nucleus. They are involved in the regulation of gene expression.
Define the following:
Genome
Allele
, Genotype
Phenotype correct answers Genome: all of an organism's DNA Sequences
Alleles: Alternative forms of a gene
Genotype: Specific set of alleles that form the genome of an individual; set of genes that make
up a trait
Phenotype: Visible characteristics of an individual influences by their genotype and environment
What is meant by dominant and recessive mutations in
A.) classical genetics terms
and
B.) biochemical terms? correct answers a) dominant means the phenotype of the dominant gene
overrides the phenotype of the recessive gene, you need 1 dominant mutation to express a
phenotype, or 2 recessive mutations
b) Recessive mutations involve a loss of function of a protein, dominant mutations involved a
gain of function
What does it mean for a mutation to be partially penetrant? correct answers Partially penetrant
means that the phenotype expression of the mutation is based on chance in how other genes
involved produce functional products
What are the basic steps that take place in a cell that turn a sequence of genomic DNA into a
functional protein? correct answers 1) Transcription (DNA --> mRNA)
2) RNA Processing
3) mRNA translation
Which of those steps are regulated? correct answers They are all regulated. DNA is regulated by
acetylation and methylation. mRNA is regulated through promoters, enhancers, and repressors.
mRNA is spliced in different ways
What is a promoter and what is its function? correct answers Series of nucleotides upstream of
transcription start site that bind transcription factors necessary to recruit RNA Polymerase
complex
What are enhancers and how do they differ from promoters? correct answers Enhancers are
anywhere on the strand of DNA (don't have to be close like promoters) they fold over and bind
to help turn up/down the volume of transcription. Enhancers are not necessary to begin
transcription, but Promoters are.
How is it possible for sequences far from the transcription start site to affect the rate of
transcription? correct answers DNA will fold so it can bind at different regions of the helix.
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