microbiology correct answers the study of microorganisms, including physiology, diversity, evolution and ecology
microorganisms correct answers all single celled, microscopic organisms including the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular
Microbiology revolves around two themes: corre...
BSC 310 exam 1 || with Errorless Solutions 100%.
microbiology correct answers the study of microorganisms, including physiology, diversity,
evolution and ecology
microorganisms correct answers all single celled, microscopic organisms including the viruses,
which are microscopic but not cellular
Microbiology revolves around two themes: correct answers 1. understanding fundamental life
processes. microbes are excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and
multicellular organisms
2. applying that knowledge to the benefit of the humans and the planet. Microbes play important
roles in medicine, agriculture and industry
Importance of microorganisms correct answers -oldest form of life
-largest mass of living material on Earth
-carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles
-can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
-other life forms require microbes to survive
cytoplasm correct answers mixture of macromolecules (protein, lipids, nucleic acids, and
polysaccharides), small organic molecules, inorganic ions and ribosomes
2 major types of cells: correct answers prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Prokaryotes correct answers Bacteria and archaea and are typically small and structurally simple
cells
Eukaryotes correct answers typically larger and contain membrane bound structures (organelles)
genome correct answers life processes are controlled by its genes
-the entire complement of genes
gene correct answers segment of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA molecule
genomes of eukaryotic cells are found as _____ molecules within the nucleus correct answers
linear
most bacteria and archaea have a single circular chromosome that aggregates to form a _____
correct answers nucleoid
plasmids correct answers extra small circles of DNA
-contain genes that confer a special property of the cell
properties of ALL cells correct answers metabolism, growth, evolution
,metabolism correct answers cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel wastes
1. genetic (replication, transcription, translation)
2. catalytic (energy, biosyntheses)
growth correct answers nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to
form new cells
evolution correct answers cells evolve to display new properties. phylogenetic trees capture
evolutionary relationships
properties of SOME cells correct answers differentiation, communication, genetic exchange,
motility
differentiation correct answers some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore
communication correct answers cells interact with each other by chemical messengers
genetic exchange correct answers cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms
motility correct answers some cells are capable of self propulsion
LUCA correct answers last universal common ancestor
pathogens correct answers microorganisms that cause infectious disease
microbiology began with the invention of the ______ correct answers microscope
ferdinand cohn correct answers -founder of field of bacteriology
-discovered endospores and cotton stoppers
-developed a bacterial classification system
walther and fanny hesse correct answers agar
julius richard petri correct answers petri dish
louis pasteur correct answers known for work on
-microbial fermentation: process of pasteurization
-optical isomers
-refuted the concept of spontaneous generation and developed the germ theory of disease
-rabies and anthrax vaccines
robert koch correct answers -studied anthrax and from these, developed his postulates (koch's
postulates) for infectious disease
-necessitated the use of solid media to obtain pure cultures (used potato slices prior to gelatin and
then agar)
-permitted the isolation of mycobacterium tuberculosis
, martinus beijerink correct answers -formulated enrichment culture techniques to permit the
growth of many environmental microorganisms in pure culture
-described the first virus via selective filtering techniques and outline the basic principles
sergei winogradsky correct answers -proposed the concept of chemolithotrophy (oxidation of
inorganic compounds to yield energy and carbon from CO2)
-isolated an anaerobic N2-fixing bacterium
in the 20th century, microbiology developed in 2 different but complementary directions correct
answers applied and basic research
magnification correct answers the enlargment of an image; can be increased virtually without
limit
resolution correct answers the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as separate and distinct
-limit of resolution for light microscope is about 0.2 micrometer
-limits effective magnification to about 2,000x
-function of the physical properties of light
total magnification of a compound light microscope correct answers the product of the
magnification of the objective and ocular lenses
bright field correct answers works well for pigmented cells but most bacteria are very difficult to
see
simple stains correct answers typically use basic (+ charged) dyes
eg. methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin
differential stains correct answers show different types of cells in different colors
eg. gram stain
speciality stains correct answers specific for certain cells or cell parts
gram stain correct answers step 1: flood the heat fixed smear with crystal violet for 1 min
result: all cells are purple
step 2. add iodine solution for 1 min
result: all cells remain purple
step 3: decolorize with alcohol briefly - about 20 sec
result: gram positive cells are purple; gram negative cells are colorless
step 4: conversation with safranin for 1-2 min
result: gram positive (G+) cells are purple; gram negative (G-) cells are pink to red
differential interference contrast microscopy correct answers -employs a polarizer to produce
light in a single plane
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