HMX Immunology Test Questions and
answers 100% with 100% Complete
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2024
Anti-viral state - ✔✔Microbe activates Plasmacytoid dendritic cell, as well as the
infected cell to secrete Type 1 Interfreron; which activate anti-viral state by
binding to cell receptors, synthesizing proteins that protect the cells from further
infection; only work on double stranded RNA virus
Type 1 Interferon - ✔✔Release by the infected cells and plasmacytoid
dendritic cell, act on infected cells' neighbor cells, producing protein, which are
only activated when the cells are infected, and only act on double stranded
RNA infected cells, lead to apoptosis of the infected cell
PAMPs of Bacteria - ✔✔Gram-negative, LPS, flagellin; gram-positive,
Teichoic acids and Peptide glycan
,PAMPs of viruses - ✔✔Single stranded RNA, Double stranded RNA,
double stranded DNA
Toll-like receptor - ✔✔Pattern recognition receptors that are present on cell
surface, recognize microbe parts, result in inflammation; the ones in endosomes
trigger anti-viral state
Where do Pathogen recognition receptors perform their job? - ✔✔On cell
surface, signals the producing cytokines, inducing the presentation of endothelial
adhesion molecules, resulting in inflammation; in endosomes, signals the
production of type 1 interferon, inducing anti-viral state
What can PRR recognize? - ✔✔SS RNA, DSRNA, DSDNA from virus; LPS,
flagellin, teichoic acids, peptideglycan from bacteria
,What does cell membrane located PRR activate? - ✔✔IL-1, TNF alpha,
initiating inflammatory response
What does endosomal located PRR activate? - ✔✔Type 1 interferon,
inducing anti-viral state
How are microbes going to initiate immune response, through Toll-like receptors?
- ✔✔TLR receives PAMP, dimerize, send signals into cell, transcription factors
enters nucleus, bind to promoters of TNF, IL-1, lead to the expression of TNF and
IL-1
NK-Kappa B - ✔✔Normally inhibited; when TLR releases signals after microbes
binding, the inhibitory molecule is broken down, and NF-kappa B flows to nucleus,
bind to the required genes, induce transcription; messenger RNA translate the
proteins, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines
, How do Endosomal TLR work, and initiate an anti-viral state? - ✔✔TLR
sitting within the endosome, identifies dsRNA, induce the phosphorylation
of transcription factor, leading the TF entering nucleus, transcribes
interferons, create Type 1 interferon, initiating anti-viral state
Inflammatory molecules - ✔✔TNF alpha and IL-1
Antiviral molecules - ✔✔Type I Interferons
Complement introduction - ✔✔Starts with the cleavage of C3, resulting in C3a,
which initiate inflammation, and C3b, which works in opsonization; C3b cleavage
C5 to C5a, which initiate inflammation, and C5b, which develops into C9 Pore,
which forms pores in bacteria membrane
Inflammatory Complement molecules - ✔✔C3a, C5a;
