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Phillips- Longman Preparation for the TOEFL iBT Test, 3e Answer Key.
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Phillips: Longman Preparation for the TOEFL iBT Test, 3e Answer Key 1Reading Answer Key
Reading Diagnostic Pre-Test, pp. 2-5
1. Negative Factual Information Answer choice A is correct because it is mentioned in the
first paragraph: What is key to the definition of aggression is that whenever physical or
verbal harm is inflicted, it is intentional. Answer choice B is incorrect because it is
mentioned in the first paragraph: verbal attacks such as… belittling and humiliating
comments… can also be a type of aggression. Answer choice C is incorrect because it is
mentioned in the first paragraph: Aggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to
cause… destruction.
Answer choice D is incorrect because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: Aggressive
behavior is any behavior that is intended to cause… injury.
2. Infer Rhetorical Purpose. Answer choice C is correct because While aggressive
behavior is often thought of as purely physical, verbal attacks such as screaming and
shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can
also be a type of aggression. Answer choice A is incorrect because the context of the
paragraph
provides for examples and a definition of aggression. It does not state how severe or how
widespread aggression is. Answer choice B is incorrect because the paragraph does not
categorize aggression into intentional and unintentional acts. Answer choice D is incorrect
because While aggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical, verbal attacks
such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing
harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression.”
3. Vocabulary Answer choice A is correct because “deliberate” fits the context of the
sentence.
Answer choice B is incorrect because “estimated” does not fit the context of the sentence.
Answer choice C is incorrect because “forbidden” is not a synonym for “intentional.”
Answer choice D is incorrect because “intermittent” is not a synonym for “intentional.”
4. Factual Information Answer choice B is correct because Despite this, it is generally
thought that aggressive behavior was not named as such before the seventeenth century.
Answer choice A is incorrect because Aggression was likely an early survival mechanism
for humans, much in the same way it was for animals. Answer choice C is incorrect
because there is no information given on this in the paragraph. Answer choice D is
incorrect because the term expanded beyond the description of purely physical
aggression to include a psychological dimension in the early twentieth century.
5. Paraphrasing Answer choice C is correct because the original sentence states Theories
about the causes of aggression cover a broad spectrum, [range] from those with biological
or instinctive emphases to those that portray aggression as a learned behavior. Answer
choice A is incorrect because the answer is incomplete; it does not mention theories of
aggression as learned behavior. Answer choice B is incorrect because the original
sentence does not state that one type of theory is more accepted. Answer choice D is
incorrect because the original sentence does not compare the two types of theories.
6. Vocabulary Answer choice D is correct because Aggression has been explained as an
instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement. Answer
choice A is incorrect because Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is
directed externally toward others in a process called displacement. Answer choice B is
incorrect because Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is directed externally
toward others in a process called displacement. Answer choice C is incorrect because
there is no information on this in the sentence.
,Phillips: Longman Preparation for the TOEFL iBT Test, 3e Answer Key 2
7. Make Inferences from Stated Fact Answer choice A is correct because it has been
noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group
may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and
competition in a process called catharsis. Answer choice B is incorrect because it has
been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or
group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports
and competition in a process called catharsis. Answer choice C is incorrect because
ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. Answer
choice D is incorrect because no information is given about how to reinforce catharsis.
8. Vocabulary Answer choice D is correct because Biological, or instinctive, theories of
aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in
their natural environments.
Answer choice A is incorrect because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression
have
also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural
environments.
Answer choice B is incorrect because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression
have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural
environments.
Answer choice C is incorrect because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression
have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural
environments.
9. Sentence Insertion
Answer choice B is correct because the sentence has the key phrase for example
followed by specific examples of sports and competitions, which links it to socially
acceptable activities such as sports and competition.
Answer choice A is incorrect because the sentence has the key phrase for example
followed by specific examples of sports and competitions, not examples of natural
aggressive instincts.
Answer choice C is incorrect because the sentence does not give examples of animal
behaviors or their natural environments.
Answer choice D is incorrect because the sentence does not give examples of ethologists
that support the view or observations of animals.
Numerous theories are based on the idea that aggression is an inherent and natural
human instinct. 8A Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is directed externally
toward others in a process called displacement, and it has been noted that aggressive
impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed
indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a
process called catharsis. One may, for example, release aggression by joining a
football team or a debate team or even a cooking competition. 8B Biological, or
instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the
behavior of animals in their natural environments. 8C A number of ethologists have, based
upon their observations of animals, supported the view that aggression is an innate
instinct common to humans. 8D
10. Vocabulary
Answer choice D is correct because Two different schools of thought exist among those
who view aggression as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up
spontaneously. The phrase “holds the view” is similar to “believes.”
,Phillips: Longman Preparation for the TOEFL iBT Test, 3e Answer Key 3
Answer choice A is incorrect because Two different schools of thought exist among those
who view aggression as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up
spontaneously.
Answer choice B is incorrect because Two different schools of thought exist among those
who view aggression as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up
spontaneously.
Answer choice C is incorrect because Two different schools of thought exist among those
who view aggression as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up
spontaneously.
11. Negative Factual Information
Answer choice B is correct because there is no mention of aggression being used to
provoke behavior.
Answer choice A is incorrect because aggression can build up spontaneously, with or
without outside provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result of
little or no provocation.
Answer choice C is incorrect because aggression can build up spontaneously, with or
without outside provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result of
little or no provocation.
Answer choice D is incorrect because aggression is indeed an instinctive response but
that, rather than occurring spontaneously and without provocation, it is a direct response
to provocation from an outside source.
12. Vocabulary
Answer choice A is correct because Another suggests that aggression is indeed an
instinctive response but that, rather than occurring spontaneously and without
provocation, it (aggression) is a direct response to provocation from an outside source.
Answer choice B is incorrect because in the original sentence, “an instinctive response”
describes “aggression;” the pronoun refers to the original concept, not the description of it.
Answer choice C is incorrect because it is a direct response to provocation.
Answer choice D is incorrect because “a direct response” describes aggression; the
pronoun refers to the original concept, not the description of it.
13. Infer Rhetorical Purpose
Answer choice D is correct because In contrast to instinct theories, social learning theories
view aggression as a learned behavior. The phrase “in contrast to” tells us that the writer
is switching topics to discuss a different type of theory than in paragraph 5.
Answer choice A is incorrect because Paragraph 6 talks about theories that view
aggression as “learned behavior” not instinct.
Answer choice B is incorrect because Paragraph 6 does not present contrasting theories.
Answer choice C is incorrect because Paragraph 6 does not discuss instinctive and
biological theories of aggression.
14. Paraphrasing
Answer choice B is correct because the original sentence states aggressive behavior can
be learned through a combination of modeling and positive reinforcement of the
aggressive behavior and that children are influenced by the combined forces of observing
aggressive behavior in parents, peers, or fictional role models and of noting either positive
reinforcement for the aggressive behavior or, minimally, a lack of negative reinforcement.
Answer choice A is incorrect because the original sentence does not suggest a method to
combat aggression.
Answer choice C is incorrect because the original sentence does not mention combining
aggressive behavior with modeling, nor does it talk about disrupting aggressive behavior.
, Phillips: Longman Preparation for the TOEFL iBT Test, 3e Answer Key 4
Answer choice D is incorrect because the original sentence says children are influenced
by the lack of negative reinforcement.
15. Vocabulary
Answer choice C is correct because the word “that” is being used to compare types of
behavior: research has provided evidence that the behavior of a live model is more
influential than that of a fictional model.
Answer choice A is incorrect because the word “that” is being used to compare types of
behavior, not types of research.
Answer choice B is incorrect because the word “that” is being used to compare types of
behavior, not types of evidence.
Answer choice D is incorrect because the word “that” is being used to compare types of
behavior, not types of live models.
16. Factual Information
Answer choice C is correct because in the paragraph, it states studies have shown
correlations between viewing of violence and incidences of aggressive behavior in both
childhood and adolescence. Answer choice A is incorrect because In the paragraph, it
states research has provided evidence that the behavior of a live model is more influential
than that of a fictional model.
Answer choice B is incorrect because in the paragraph, it states On-screen deaths or acts
of violent behavior in certain television programs or movies can be counted and later
states studies have shown correlations between viewing of violence and incidences of
aggressive behavior in both childhood and adolescence.
Answer choice D is incorrect because the paragraph does not mention the influence that
real life aggression has on fictional models of aggression.
17. Vocabulary
Answer choice B is correct because both “in and of itself” and “single-handedly” have the
meaning of “alone” or “by [one’s] self.”
Answer choice A is incorrect because the phrase “in and of itself” has the meaning of
“alone” or “by [one’s] self.” “Internally” means “inside.”
Answer choice C is incorrect because the phrase “in and of itself” has the meaning of
“alone” or “by [one’s] self.” “Genuinely” means “truly.”
Answer choice D is incorrect because the phrase “in and of itself” has the meaning of
“alone” or “by [one’s] self.” “Semi-privately” means “with partial privacy.”
18. Vocabulary
Answer choice C is correct because “crucial” fits the context of the sentence.
Answer choice A is incorrect because “negative” does not fit the context of the sentence.
Answer choice B is incorrect because “considerate” is not a synonym of “critical.”
Answer choice D is incorrect because “studied” is not a synonym for “critical.”
19. Sentence Insertion
Answer choice D is correct because the sentence before states If the aggressive role
model is rewarded rather than punished for violent behavior, that behavior is more likely to
be seen as positive and is thus more likely to be imitated. Answer choice A is incorrect
because the key sentence has the transition Thus which links it as the result of a prior
cause, which is connected to rewards and punishment. The sentence before does not
mention rewards or punishment for aggressors.
Answer choice B is incorrect because the key sentence has the transition Thus which links
it as the result of a prior cause, which is connected to rewards and punishment. The
sentence before does not mention rewards or punishment for aggressors.
Answer choice C is incorrect because the key sentence has the transition Thus which
links it as the result of a prior cause, which is connected to rewards and punishment.
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