Summary of the Board and Policy course (USG5010) at Utrecht University. All literature, Boin & Lodge + related articles from 2024/2025, are summarized.
Topics in the book are clear, short and concise and works well for repeating the material.
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HC1 Het belang van bestuur en beleid ...................................................................................1
Hoofdstuk 1 Boin & Lodge The Importance of Policymaking ...............................................1
HC2 Uitdagingen voor Bestuur en Beleid ...............................................................................2
Hoofdstuk 2 The challenges of problem-solving in a Complex and Dynamix World.............2
HC3 Beleidsactoren ...............................................................................................................3
Hoofdstuk 3 Exploring the policymaking world ....................................................................3
HC4 Agendering .....................................................................................................................6
Hoofdstuk 4 The fight for attention: Why some problems trigger policymaking (and many
others do not)......................................................................................................................6
Stone – Hoofdstuk 8 Numbers ............................................................................................8
HC5 Beleidsontwerp ...............................................................................................................9
Hoofdstuk 5 Crafting sound policy: the political dimension of technical choices ..................9
Bannink & Bosselaar (2020): Hoogerwerf ‘revisited’. Over de beleidstheorie 2.0 en de
Participatiewet .................................................................................................................. 11
HC6 De uitvoering van beleid ............................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 6 Getting it done: The implementation challenge .............................................. 12
Introductie en hoofdstuk 1 Lipsky: The critical role of street-level bureaurats .................... 14
HC7 De evaluatie van beleid ................................................................................................ 15
Hoofdstuk 7 How accountability and evaluation shape policymaking ................................ 15
Stone – Hoofdstuk 9: Causes ........................................................................................... 17
Hoorcollege 8 De ethiek van beleid ...................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 10..................................................................................................................... 19
Conclusie Sandel (2010) ................................................................................................... 20
HC1 Het belang van bestuur en beleid
Hoofdstuk 1 Boin & Lodge The Importance of Policymaking
Learning goals
• Why policymaking is important
Why we need successful policies → without governmental policymaking, these public goods
will be in short supply (creating capactities and facilities that the market won’t provide).
Today’s problems are serious threats that cloud the horizon.
• What is policy and where can we find it?
Policy = a government-sponsored solution for a societal problem or a political ambition (what
a government intends to do and how the respective ambition will be pursued).
1
,A public policy is a set of activities that a government employs to accomplish a certain aim.
• Who are the policymakers?
The people who initiate, design, enable and deliver the activities that make up a policy. Many
actors play very different parts that together make up a policy.
• How to define policy success and policy failure
Compton & ‘t Hart (2019):
1. The policy must be effective
➔ It accomplishes its stated goal
➔ ‘craft work’
2. Socially appropriate
3. Must work long enough
4. Must be considered a success by political elites and society at large
• Common misconceptions in thinking about policymaking
Myths:
1. Policymaking as an orderly process
2. The top-down process
3. Politics-administration divide
4. Rational policymaking
5. Measurable policy performance
6. The lazy civil servant
• Why we should be optimistic about policymaking
The world of policy may have a bad reputation (boring, conservative, ineffective), but it is
where change is hatched, designed, shaped and executed (for better or worse).
HC2 Uitdagingen voor Bestuur en Beleid
Hoofdstuk 2 The challenges of problem-solving in a Complex and Dynamix World
Learning goals
• Why one societal problem is harder to solve than others
1. The level of complexity
There are many parts to a system and we don’t understand how all these parts work together
to produce the system we see in front of us. By connecting one complex system with
another, we have created systems that are more or less unknowable → wicked problems
2. The level of constraints
- Budget is never big enough
- They have to work within a web of law, rules and regulations
3. The level of volatility
2
, Policymakers are shooting on a moving target, but it’s easier to solve it when it remains
stable.
Demographic change, changing values and customs, shifting popularity of political parties
and new technologies.
4. Level of political commitment
Long-term perspectives are often short supply among politicians.
5. Level of societal support
Some problems, can only be solved with the active participation of many people.
Policymaking becomes harder if there is deep disagreement about the people who benefit
from the policy.
➔ Polarization
• What is a wicked problem?
The majority of problems that policymakers face, however are complex, controversial and
subject to the free-rider problem. Governments understandably find it very hard to deal with
these wicked problems.
• Why modern society produces more and more wicked problems
Combination of pervasive complexity and relentless change → wicked problems → meeting
political controversy and societal resistance.
• Why the work of policymakers may feel like an impossible job
A policy has to fulfil these things:
➔ Creating an effective policy
➔ A just process
➔ Support for the outcome
➔ Endurance and adaptation
HC3 Beleidsactoren
Hoofdstuk 3 Exploring the policymaking world
Learning goals
• Recognize the key actors in the policy world
1. The incumbent politican
Setting policy aims and overseeing
2. The opposition politician
Lacks direct power but has voice
3. The bureau chief
A senior bureaucrat, often the first point of contact for the politician in charge.
3
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