100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
Previously searched by you
BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY MIDTERM Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture notes, lectures 1-6 Simon Fraser University$13.49
Add to cart
BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY MIDTERM Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture notes, lectures 1-6 Simon Fraser University
4 views 0 purchase
Course
BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY
Institution
BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY
BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY MIDTERM Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture notes, lectures 1-6 Simon Fraser University
BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY
MIDTERM Introduction to Biomedical
Physiology and Kinesiology Lecture notes,
lectures 1-6 Simon Fraser University
BPK 142 – INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY MIDTERM
OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY
Osteology: Study of bones
Arthrology: Study of joints (junctions between bones)
A. Functions of the Skeleton
1. Body movement – provides attachment points for muscles, permitting leverage
2. Support – rigid framework, which softer tissues and organs are attached
3. Protection – vital internal organs
4. Mineral storage – calcium, phosphorus
5. Blood cell formation – red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, and platelets (hematopoiesis)
B. Structure of Bone (pgs. 1-8 to 1-9)
- Epiphysis: Ends of long bone, largely cancellous bone covered with articular cartilage
o Cancellous (spongy) bone: Masses of developing RBC/WBC supported by fine fibers
o Articular cartilage: Smooth and slippery region where bones of a synovial joint
make physical contact at cartilaginous ends
- Diaphysis: Shafts of a long bone consisting of compact bone and a central cavity
o Compact bone: Nutrient blood reaches bone cells by a system of Haversian canals
o Medullary cavity (yellow marrow): Blood cell production largely ceases in
the marrow of the diaphysis and the cavity contains fat (yellow marrow)
- Periosteum: Fibrous sheath covering bone (does not cover articular cartilage)
- Building blocks – calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen (protein constituent
of connective tissue) fibers, and water
- Tissue is composed of osteocytes, surrounded by matrix (25 % water, 25 % protein, 50
% mineral salts)
- Highly dynamic and continually remodeled in response to mechanical stress or even absences
of stress
- Longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate (a layer of cartilage) where
, 2
proliferating cartilage cells are gradually replaced by bone
o Osteoclasts break down bone (reabsorption)
o Osteoblasts form bone (formation)
- Physically active individuals tend to have denser, more mineralized bones
C. Classification of Bones (pg. 1-10)
- Long bones
o Upper and lower extremities (humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia,
fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges)
o Hollow shafts are made of compact bones, filled with yellow marrow
o Ends are composed of spongy or cancellous bone, containing red marrow
- Short bones
o Wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals)
o Composed of spongy bone covered by a shell of compact bone
- Flat bones
o Face and skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, ilium
o Contain broad surfaces for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs
o Consist of two plates of compact bone with a thin layer of spongy bone in-between
- Irregular bones
o Bones that do not fit other categories (24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ear bones)
, 2
- Sesamoid bones
o Bones enveloped by a tendon (patella (provides an angle of pull for quadriceps))
D. Vertebral Column
- Flexible support for the trunk and protection for the spinal cord
- Consisted of 33 vertebrae, including 26 distinct bones
- Divided into 5 segments:
o 7 cervical vertebrae
o 12 thoracic vertebrae
o 5 lumbar vertebrae
o 5 sacral vertebrae
o 4 coccygeal vertebrae
- Each vertebrae has two parts:
o Vertebral body (anterior solid portion) bears the weight
o Neural arch forms the wall of the vertebral canal housing in the spinal cord
- Articulates through facets of the neural arches (synovial joint) and intervertebral
discs (cartilaginous joint)
- Discs absorb shock and allow slight movements
- A vertebral column has three distinct curves:
o Cervical
o Thoracic
o Lumbar
- Classes of abnormal curves:
o Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
o Kyphosis (hump back)- exaggerated posterior thoracic curve
o Lordosis (sway back) – exaggerated anterior lumbar curve
E. Classification of Joints (pgs. 7-1 to 7-4)
1. Fibrous joint (synarthrodial) – immoveable (fixed)
- Bones united by fibrous tissue, has no joint cavity or movement
2. Cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrodial) – slightly moveable
- Bones united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
3. Synovial joint (diathrodial) – freely moveable
- Joints are surrounded by a dense fibrous connective tissue capsule, (continuous
with periosteum) which strengthens and protects the joint
- Inside the joint, the capsule is lined with synovial membrane (produces synovial fluid)
o Synovial fluid
▪ Lubricates joint surfaces
▪ Supplies nutrients and removes waste products from cartilage cells
- Outside the capsule, ligaments and tendons further bind and strengthen the joint
- Sensory nerves enter the capsule to supply information to the brain about joint pain
and the joint’s position and degree of movement
- Nerves do not enter the cartilage or joint cavity
- Complex joint: Intracapsular disc or meniscus that is present within a joint
- Connective tissues associated with joints:
o Ligament: Strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together
▪ Resists abnormal movements of joints and movements beyond normal limits
▪ Not highly elastic and looses ability to perform correctly when overstretched
o Tendon: Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone to stabilize the joint
o Bursae: Sacs containing synovial fluid which absorbs shock and prevents friction
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller smartzone. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
