MBG2040 FOUNDATIONS IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
FW FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
SOLUTION University of Guelph
1) For selection, what do we do if there is more than one trait
2) Describe value 1 - --1) -assign overall value to each trait
-combine traits into single EBV
2) aka selection index weight
-assign percentages (if (and only if) all traits have same scale and range)
-adjust for variability and average EBV
Describe assigning selection index weights - ---scale by genetic variation
-step one: assign relative emphasis (%)
-step 2: divide by additive genetic standard deviation
-step 3: subtract average EBV from EBV (only if EBVs don't have the default average of 0)
What is the goal with QTL detection? - --to find a polymorphism in the genome that is associated with
a distinct difference in phenotype
-the concept is simple but the execution can get complicated
,What are the QTL detection steps? - ---find a marker or many markers
-genotype a 'population' for the marker (s)
-use statistics to associate marker genotypes with differences in phenotypes
-test on another population (if possible)
Describe molecular genetic markers: generating genotypes - ---need polymorphisms (alleles) within
the region of the genome that is of interest
-molecular genetic tools used to find these polymorphisms
1) Describe QTL detection-genotyping
2) Elaborate on individual locus genotyping
3) Elaborate on how most QTL are discovered using markers - --1) -individual locus genotyping
-most QTL are discovered using markers
2) -A and a are now marker alleles at a marker locus
-M and m for marker loci
-Q and q for the QTL
3) -usually an 'unimportant' polymorphism
-normally don't genotype the QTL itself
Describe high density marker panels - ---repeat 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 or 1,000,000 times
-photo etch a glass slide, build Velcro tags
-tags to 'grab' matching canine DNA
-grabbed DNA lights up spots=genotype
Describe 'back in the day': genotyping individuals by PCR - --difference in DNA sequence
-restriction endonuclease cleaves DNA at a specific sequences
, -differences coded as alleles
Describe QTL detection - ---all methods come down to comparing individuals with MM to individuals
with mm (if the QTL and marker are linked, comparing MM and mm is equivalent to comparing QQ to
qq)
1) What are the main factors affecting QTL detection?
2) Elaborate on inheritance
3) Elaborate on population design - --1) -inheritance
-population design
2) -crosses of divergent lines (look for a multi-modal distribution)
-offspring-parent resemblance (deviation from parent average)
-segregation analysis (expected inheritance using pedigree)
-genotype low and high groups and do a simple association test between phenotype and genotype
-increases likelihood of detection, biases estimate of effect
For QTL detection, use? - --linkage
If you have multiple markers, and want to predict inheritance of QTL, use? - --recombination
frequency
Describe the marker assisted selection hybrid model - ---using the marker genotype to select
individuals with the best linked QTL allele
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