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MNT Pathophys 2 Exam 1 Questions And 100% Correct Answers
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MNT Pathophys 2 Exam 1 Questions And 100%Correct Answers
Upper GI Tract includes what four parts - Ans mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach
The Lower Gi tract includes what two parts - Ans small and large intestine
Another word for the large intestine is the - Ans colon
___ is The movement of the food consumed along the GI tract. - Ans Motility
_____ and mixing movements serve to move food toward sites of digestion and
absorption while also mixing food with digestive secretions and maximize potential
absorption. - Answer Propulsion
Contraction and motility are regulated through a complex network of communication
pathways involving ____, _____, and _____control systems. - Answer autocrine,
paracrine, and neuronal
GI secretions include - Answer water, electrolytes, enzymes, bile salts, and mucus
Through the process of digestion complex molecules are broken down into their ____
form. -Answer simplest
The Autonomic nervous system conveys input from the ____ muscle to the GI tract
through a specialized enteric nervous system. -Answer smooth
A ____ is a protein substance derived from the nerve that can change functional activity
,of an organ -Answer neuropeptide
_____ is a chemical produced in one organ and transported via the circulatory system to
another target organ or cell. -Answer Hormone
Hormones involved in the control of the GI tract include _____, ____, and ____ -Answer
gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin
Major innervation for the enteric nervous system is provided by the _____ and ____ fibers
of the autonomic nervous system. -Answer parasympathetic and sympathetic
Sympathetic impulses are carried along the _____ nerve Answer splanchnic nerve
Parasympathetic impulses are carried along the _____ nerve Answer vagus nerve
_____ is the primary secretion of the oral cavity and is produced in the mouth by three
pairs of salivary glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. Answer Saliva
______act as the first line of defense against infection and are capable of destroying
bacteria within the mouth - Answer Lysozyme
_____ reflex-> The production of Saliva as response due to pressure the food puts on
roof, cheeks, and tongue - Answer Autonomic reflex
_____ reflex-> learned, "Mouth water" in response to the smell/ sign of food without oral
stimulation - Answer Acquired reflex
Swallowing center is located in the _____, which stimulates the sequence of muscle
actions that coordinate the swallow - Answer medulla
,Initiation of swallowing is voluntary but thereafter swallowing is under _____ control -
Answer autonomic
List the layers of the esophagus from inside to out - Answer mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis, and adventitia
Name four phases of swallowing - Answer Oral preparation, oral transit, pharyngeal,
and esophageal
Curing the ______ phase of swallowing food is chewed and mixed with saliva - Answer
Oral preparation phase
During the ____ phase of swallowing voluntary movement of the bolus of food from the
front of the oral cavity to the back occurs - Answer oral transit phase
The_____ (UES) is located at the top of the esophagus. - Answer upper esophageal
sphincter
_____ prevents air from entering the GI tract during breathing. Once the bolus of food
has passed through the UES into the esophagus, the sphincter closes and normal
breathing resumes. - Answer upper esophageal sphincter
During the ____ phase of swallowing autonomic control initiates the peristaltic wave that
moves the bolus of food down the esophagus into the stomach - Answer esophageal
phase
The ______ (LES) regulates the passage of the bolus from the esophagus into the
stomach. This sphincter is closed at all times except during swallowing and acts as a
barrier to prevent the stomach contents from backflowing into the esophagus-Answer
lower esophageal sphincter
Atmospheric pressure is _____ in the esophagus then in the stomach which prevents
stomach contents from refluxing back into the esophagus and prevents large amounts
, of air from entering the stomach - Answer greater
Two major neurotransmitters are responsible for allowing the Lower esophageal
sphincter to relax are - Answer nitric oxide and VIP
____ and ____inhibit closure of the LES allowing it to relax so that the bolus slides from
the esophagus into the stomach. They oppose the stimulatory action of acetylcholine -
Answer nitric oxide and VIP
Sphincters at both ends of the stomach regulate the flow of food from the esophagus to
the small intestine. Whats the one at the bottom - Answer Pyloric sphincter
_______ is the layer of water acting as physcial barrier to hydrogen ions and other
substances - Answer Unstirred mucus
_______ secrete bicarbonate and maintain intracellular pH - Answer Epithelial cells
The ____ cells secrete mucus which protect the lining of the stomach from mechanical
or acid insult - Answer mucous
____ cells secrete the zymogen pepsinogen (inactive enzyme that when activated begins
protein digestion) and the enzyme gastric lipase (initiates lipid digestion) - Answer Chief
cells
____ is an inactive enzyme that when activated begins protein digestion - Answer
zymogen
Enzyme that initiates lipid digestion - Answer gastric lipase
_____cells secrete hydrochloric acid ( active pepsinogen that kill microorganisms and
denature proteins) and intrinsic factor (protein necessary for absorption of vitamin B12)
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