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COMSAE All Topic Comprehensive Exam 2024/2025 Graded A+
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COMSAE All Topic Comprehensive Exam 2024/2025 Graded A+
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COMSAE All Topic ComprehensiveExam 2024/2025 Graded A+
12mo development - Cruises, fills/empties containers, sits up on own, holds up and
drinks, imitates words, pincer grasp, stands a lone, turns pages, says 1-2 words, walks
alone
15mo development - Climbs furniture, Dances, jargon, rides toys, stacks 2 object tower,
stands alone, scoops and recovers, throws ball, uses cup, uses spoon, says 4 words,
walks well
18mo development - says 8 or more words, feeds self, follows simple directions,
imitates housework, knows 2 or more body parts, names pictures, rides toys, runs, uses
spoon/fork, walks backward, walks up & down stairs
1mo development - focus on face, lifts head, moro reflex, turns to sound, turns head to
sound
1st line drug for osteoporosis, MOA, AE - bisphosphonates, -dronates (ie alendronate),
bind to hydroxyapetite in bone, act by binding to osteoclasts and osteoclast apoptosis,
so the osteoclasts can't resorb bone (so bone calcium levels are maintained)
can cause hypocalcemia (work to reduce hypercalcemia)
2 causes of SCID - ADA deficiency
(adenosine deaminase required for degradation of adenosim and deoxyadenosine
- in ADA deficiency, high levels of dATP --> toxicity in lymphocytes --> SCID
hypoplastic thymus
2 factors that influence starling curve - x axis- preload (EDV)
y axis- stroke volume or CO
2 most common causes of pancreatitis - alcohol and gallstones.
24mo development - 2-word sentences, follows 2-step verbal command, gets along well
with fam members, acts worried if parent is sad, helps dress self, holds cup in one
hand, jumps with both feet, kicks a ball, removes clothes, runs, walks up/down stairs,
scribbles, throws overhand
2mo development - Coos, fixe and follow, grasps, smiles responsively, lifts head, turns
head to sound
,3-yr developmental milestones - 3-5 word sentences, balances on one foot, asks what?
why? builds 10-block tower, copies circle and x, counts to 3, dresses self, knows
name/age/gender, pedals tricyle, plays with other kids, recognizes 3 colors, toilet
trained, walks upstairs alternating feet
3rd and 4th lumbricles - Ulnar n
4-yr developmental milestones - 4-5 word sentences, catches ball, cuts and pastes,
draws people, dresses and undresses themselves, enjoy jokes, jumps/hops, names 4-5
colors, pedals tricycle, plays well with others, walks on tiptoes
4mo development - Coos/squeals/laughs, Bears weight, follow 180 degrees, Grasps,
Holds head/chest up, holds small toy, no head lag, reaches, rolls front to back, turns to
sound
5yr developmental milestones - counts to 10, draws people with 2-5 body parts, follows
directions, knows address/phone number, knows on/off, over/under, plays
cooperatively, pretend play, prints name, rides bike, skips, speaks understandably, tells,
imaginary stories
6mo development - Babbles, bears weight, laughs, pulls to sit, responds to name, rolls
both ways, sits alone, transfers objects
9 mo development - Babbles, claps/waves/peek-a-boo, creepts/crawls, cruises, sits up
on own, says mama/dada, plays pat-a-cake, Pincer grasp, pulls to stand, stands with
support
Abduction of shoulder - Supraspinatus and deltoid
Acetaminophen- AE - Hepatic necrosis; decrease glutathione
(treatment: N-acetylcysteine)
Acetaminophen- MOA - COX inhibitor (reversible)
Acetaminophen- Use - Antipyrogenic, analgesic
NOT anti-inflammatory
Use instead of aspirin to avoid Reye syndrome in children
Acidity of stomach - Left T5
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans - another periodontal bug
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans - another periodontal bug
Acute bronchitis - antitussives +/- inhaled beta-2 agonists
,Acute Leukemia - >20% Blasts in Bone Marrow
Addison's disease - Primary adrenal insufficiency d/t adrenal atrophy or destruction by
disease
Addison's disease - Primary adrenal insufficiency d/t adrenal atrophy or destruction by
disease
Adduction of shoulder - Pect major, lat dorsi
Adenovirus (severe infection) - cidofovir + probenecid
ADH (desmopressin) - pituitary (central, not nephrogenic) DI
ADP receptor inhibitors
Ticlopidine
prasugrel,
ticagrelor
clopidogrel - inhibit platelet aggregation by irreversibly blocking ADP receptors. Inhibit
fibrinogen binding by preventing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from binding to fibrinogen. Used
clinically for acute coronary syndrome; coronary stending. decreases incidence or
reccurence of thrombotic stroke.
toxicity includes: for ticlopidine neutropenia, fever and mouth ulcers.
Adrenals - T11
Adson's Test - a test for thoracic outlet syndrome; with the patient in a sitting position,
the hands resting on the thighs, the examiner palpates both radial pulses as the patient
rapidly fills the lungs by deep inhalation and, holding the breath, hyperextends the neck
and turns the head toward the affected side. If the radial pulse on that side is decidedly
or completely obliterated, the result is positive.
AE of giving calcitonin - hypocalcemia (good for toning down calcium levels in
hypercalcemia)
AFP levels in down syndrome - low
Alcoholic cirrhosis - final and irreversible form. micronodular, irregularly shrunken liver
with "hobnail" appearance. Sclerosis around central vein (Zone III). has manifestations
of chronic liver disease (e.g. jaundice, hypoalbuminemia.
Alcoholic Hepatitis - requires sustained, long term consumption. swollen and necrotic
hepatocytes with neutrophilic infiltration. Mallory bodies (intracytoplasmic eosinophilic
inclusions) are present.
AST>ALT (ratio usually >1.5)
, ALL - >20% blasts (+) for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
(+)PAS
alpha - glucosidase inhibitors (Acordbose and Miglitol) - inhibit intestinal brush border
alpha glucosidases. delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption leading to a
decrease in post prandial hyperglycemia. Used as monotherapy in type 2 DM or
combined with other agents.
Can cause GI disturbances.
Alternative tx for gonorrhea - (when ceftriaxone isn't available) cefexime and
azithromycin
Alzheimer Disease - decrease acetylcholine level from a deficiency of choline
acetyltransferase most notably in the basal nucleus of meynert which participates in
memory and cognition
also decreased levels in the hippocampus
Amantadine - Anti-Parkinsons: Weak NMDA Antagonist, Increases DA release, Blocks
DA reuptake
AML - >20% Blasts stain (+) myeloperoxidase
DIC is a big Risk Factor
Tx: Vit A
Amylin Analogs (Pramlintide) - decreases glucagon. used in type and 2 DM. side effects
include hypoglycemia, nausea, diarrhea.
Anastrozole, Letrozole, Exemestane - Aromatase inhibitors used in postmenopausal
women with breast cancer.
Anion Gap Equation - Na-Cl-bicarb
normal is bw 8-16
Ankle ligament sprains - 1. ATF
2. ATF and CF
3. ATF, CF, and PTF
anterior innominate rotation means tight hip flexors or extensors? - extensor-
hamstrings
Anthrax prophylaxis post-exposure - ciprofloxacin or doxycycline + biothrax vaccine
anti-HepB surface antibody is only present in what pop - recovered or immunized
not in chronic or
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