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BRAVO EXO EXAM #1 STUDY GUIDE- QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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BRAVO EXO EXAM #1 STUDY GUIDE- QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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BRAVO EXO EXAM #1 STUDY GUIDE-QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Homeostasis - Answer-Maintenance of relatively constant and normal internal
environment
Steady State - Answer-Steady and unchanging level of some physiological variable
Intracellular control systems - Answer-Protein breakdown and synthesis
Energy production
Maintenance of stored nutrients
Organ systems - Answer-Pulmonary and circulatory systems
Replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Biological Control Systems - Answer-Series of interconnected components that maintain
a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value
Stimulus - Answer-produces change in variable
Receptor - Answer-detects change
Input - Answer-Information sent along afferent pathway to control center
Output - Answer-Information sent along efferent pathway to effector
Response - Answer-Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus
and returns variable to homeostatic level
Negative Feedback - Answer-Reduces or shuts off original stimulus
Goal: Change the system in opposite direction of initial stimulus
Body Temp. Control - Answer-Sensors (Receptors) -Temperature sensors in the skin
and brain
Control Center -Brain (thermoregulatory center of hypothalamus
Effectors -Sweat glands or skeletal muscle
Blood Glucose - Answer-Sensors (cells)
Control Center - Pancreas
Effectors -Muscles and/or the liver
Positive Feedback - Answer-Increases original original stimulus
Goal: Make the stimulus stronger
,Gain - Answer-The degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis
Larger the gain -> Greater the capability to combat a disturbance to the system
Expressed as: Gain = Correction /Error
Exercise Improves Homeostatic Control
Adaptation - Answer-A change in the structure and function of a cell or organ system
that results in an improved ability to maintain homeostasis during stressful conditions
Acclimation - Answer-An environmental adaptation that improves the function of an
existing homeostatic system
Cell Signaling - Answer-System of communication between cells that coordinates
cellular activities
Intracrine Signaling - Answer-Signaling w/in the same cell
- Produced & acts w/in the same cell (ei.., muscle hypertrophy)
Juxtacrine Signaling - Answer-Signaling between two adjacent cells
- Physical constant between the cytop;asm of cells
- Transporter or channel connecting cells (e.i., cardiac cell function)
Autocrine Signaling - Answer-Cells signals itself
- Chemical produce and excreted by a cell
- Acts upon receptor on the same cell (e.g., tumor cell growth)
Paracrine Signaling - Answer-Cells signals other cells
- Chemical messenger is produced by one cell
- Messenger is released to act on other nearby cells to coordinate response (e.i.,
nerves)
Endocrine Signaling - Answer-Cells signals remote cells
- Chemical messenger produce and released by one cell
- Messenger enters bloodstream to be transported throughout boy to many cells (e.i.,
insulin)
During 60 minutes of submaximal exercise, the body temperature levels off after 35-45
minutes. This is an example of: - Answer-Steady State
Changes in arterial blood pressure across time while maintaining a constant mean
pressure during resting conditions is an example of: - Answer-Homeostasis
Specialized tissue sensitive to changes in outside temperature would serve as a(n)
__________ in a biological control system. - Answer-Receptor
, Assessing the response and determining the need to correct a disturbance is made by: -
Answer-The control center
Increasing the original stimulus that triggered the control system is termed - Answer-
Positive Feedback
Metabolism - Answer-Chemical reactions that occur throughout the body resulting in
synthesis of molecules or breakdown of molecules
Catabolism - Answer-Larger molecules being broken down in smaller molecules
Anabolism - Answer-Smaller molecules building to synthesis larger molecules
Bioenergetics - Answer-Chemical pathways that convert foodstuffs into biological usable
forms of energy
Organic contains.... - Answer-:Contain carbon
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Inorganic elements - Answer-water
Cell Structure - Answer-The basic functional unit of the body, capable of synthesizing
large numbers of compounds
Cell Membrane - Answer-Also called Sarcolemma, is a semipermeable membrane that
separates the cell from the extracellular environment
Nucleus - Answer-Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis
Cytoplasm - Answer-Called Sarcoplasm in muscle cells, is the fluid portion of cell
between the nucleus & the cell membrane that contains organelles
Mitochondria - Answer-The powerhouse of the cell
- Involved in the oxidative conversion of foodstuffs (carbs, fats, proteins) into usable
cellular energy
- ATP -> "energy currency" to fuel all cellular activity
First Law of Thermodynamics - Answer-1. Total energy of an isolated system is
constant
2. Energy can be transformed from one to another
3. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Topic: Cellular Chemical Reactions
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