©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NURS 276 MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the risk factors for renal failure? - Ans:✔✔-Trauma or surgery, infection, hemorrhage, severe
heart failure, severe liver disease, and lower urinary tract obstruction, hypertension, diabetes
What lab values are indicative of renal failure? How do you know the patient is getting better? - Ans:✔✔-
Urine analysis: 1.005-1.025 (normal)
- Proteinuria (excess proteins) if glomerular damage is the cause
- Decreased presence of RBC's (glomerular dysfunction)
- Creatinine and BUN: Elevated
- Serum electrolytes: Monitor fluid and electrolytes status.
- Potassium is elevated in renal failure
- ABG: Show metabolic acidosis (low bicarbonate)
- CBC: Show reduced RBCs, moderate anemia, and low hematocrit
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
- ARF decreases erythropoietin secretion and RBC production.=Anemia
What is erythropoietin for? - Ans:✔✔-a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of
production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues
What are the risk factors for cancer? Modifiable and non-modifiable - Ans:✔✔-Six major topic areas
associated with reducing cancer risk are found within Healthy People 2020, including Cancer History,
Tobacco Use, Nutrition, Weight Status, Oral Health, and Genomics
- Heredity
- One of the greatest risk factors for cancer is advanced age
- Gender: Risk for a certain type of cancers such as breast cancer
- Poverty/Racial and Economic Disparities: Inadequate access to health care, preventative screenings
- Stress: unhealthy coping mechanisms such as overeating, drinking, smoking
- Diet: Some foods are considered genotoxic, such as nitrosamines and nitrous indoles found in
preserved meats and salted foods.
- Occupation: Considered controllable and uncontrollable. Working outside, exposure to solar radiation.
- Infection: some viruses have been linked to cancer. Other like genital herpes, HPV, or genital warts can
be avoided by practicing safe sex.
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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
- Smoking increases the risk of developing lung cancer and many other cancers, including those involving
the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, lip, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, ovary, kidney, and bladder
as well as colorectal cancers and some leukemias. Smoking is also a major risk factor for cardiovascular
disease and death
- Alcohol use: alcohol enhances contact with carcinogens, such as those in cigarettes.
- Recreational drug use: promotes an unhealthy life style
- Obesity: excessive fat may be linked to hormone-dependent cancers. Poor nutrition and a sedentary
lifestyle—along with excessive weight—represent significant risk factors. Being overweight or obese is
associated with increased risk for developing cancers and cancer recurrence
- Sun exposure: as the ozone lay thins, more ultraviolet light reaches the earth.
-Carcinogen exposure: sun exposure; environmental pollutants in the air, water, soil, or food (such as
radon or asbestos); or a
Name the hemoglobin found in patients with SCD. How is SCD inherited? - Ans:✔✔-- Manifestations
include: Pain, pallor, irritability, fatigue, and jaundice
- Hemoglobin is replaced with hemoglobin S in RBCs
-autosomal recessive genetic defect. If both parents have the trait, then with each pregnancy the risk of
having a child with the disease is 25%.
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
- If child inherits sickle cell from only one parent, they are a carrier and have no symptoms. If they inherit
from both parent's, they are subject to sickle cell crisis.
-most commonly affects people of African descent
Sickle Cell Crisis is the term used to describe painful periods resulting from ischemia due to vascular
occlusion. Any condition that increases the body's need for oxygen or alters the transport of oxygen,
such as infection or trauma, may result in sickle cell crisis. Although potential causes include those
known to trigger sickling, in more than 50% of cases, the exact cause of sickle cell crisis is not
identifiable. Dehydration increases blood viscosity, which can predispose an individual to sickle cell crisis.
What are the purposes of radiation? - Ans:✔✔-a. application of high-energy x-rays or particles for the
purpose of damaging or killing cancer cells
b. localized treatment intended to affect only one body region
c. goal- tumor shrinkage prior to surgery, prevention of postoperative tumor recurrence, and eradication
of cancer cells in other parts of the body
Know cancer staging, T, N, M: What is bad and what is worst
A consistent mechanism used for clinical staging for most cancers is the TNM Classification System.14
The staging is based on three factors:
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