ANTHRCUL 101 UMICH Exam 1(2025)|FINAL
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four fields of anthropology - ANSWER-✅-sociocultural
-archaeology
-biological
-linguistic
sociocultural anthropology - ANSWER-✅-study of human society and culture
-cultural similarities and differences
-based on ethnography (long term field work in one community, participant
observation)
archaeological anthropology - ANSWER-✅-reconstructs, describes, interprets
human behavior, history, patterns through material remains
-excavation is a key method
-inference; human behavior reflected in material culture
biological anthropology - ANSWER-✅-examines human diversity over time and
space
-human evolution through fossil record, human genetics, human growth and
development, biological plasticity (how our body changes in response to
environmental stresses), non-human primates evolution and behavior
linguistic anthropology - ANSWER-✅-language in social and cultural contexts across
time and space (history, use, evolution)
-sociolinguistics- social and linguistics variation (gender, SES), etc.
origins of north american anthropology - ANSWER-✅-attempts to understand
native north americans
-19th century
ethnography - ANSWER-✅-long term field work in one community
-participant observation
,-immersion into local culture
rapport - ANSWER-✅-friendly working relationship with people
-good ethnography requires this
-time, sensitivity, self-awareness
-long term investment
-get "close"
malinowski - ANSWER-✅-functionalism
-emphasized importance in ethnographic fieldwork
oldowan tools - ANSWER-✅-world's oldest formally recognized stone tools
-flakes and cores (rocks from where flakes are struck)
-chopper is tool made from core
-simple reduction technology, but key innovation
-flakes most common tool, choppers by-products
-breaking, bashing, dismembering
-A. garhi 2.6a mya Ethiopia, think they were tool-making ancestor, pre-homo, signals
dietary shift
-major cultural innovation that homo erectus expand upon
-by 1 mya all others extinct, homo erectus with tools and culture takes over
acheulean tools - ANSWER-✅-hand axes were common in this tool kit
-used from homo erectus through homo sapiens
chimps and tool use - ANSWER-✅-vary regionally
-learned through social transmission
-incipient cultures
boas - ANSWER-✅-father of four field anthropology
-historical particularism -> histories are unique and not directly comparable, diverse
paths to culture phenomenon
participant observation - ANSWER-✅-direct, firsthand observation of behavior
-wide ranging; can be minute details uninteresting to those who you study
Culture - ANSWER-✅-innate human capacity to create and transmit traditions
beliefs, symbols that govern behavior (ex. speech communication)
, culture - ANSWER-✅-variation created by geography, environment, history,
economics, politics, people (ex. tattooing)
characteristics of culture - ANSWER-✅way of life, traditions, and customs
modes of culture change - ANSWER-✅-culture is learned through lessons and
observation and shared/evolves
-diffusion is borrowing though cultural contact
-acculturation is exchange of cultural features after continuous firsthand contact
-independent invention is the process of human innovation
-globalization is the series of processes including diffusion and acculturation
evolution - ANSWER-✅-the process by which different kinds of living organisms are
thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of
the earth
foramen magnum - ANSWER-✅-placement of the foramen magnum tells how the
vertebra is curved and if the organism was bipedal or not
pelvis - ANSWER-✅-walking ability visible
-wider pelvis for us
-longer narrower pelvis for chimps
other early hominin skeletal features - ANSWER-✅-teeth
-we evolved smaller teeth, ancestors had giant back teeth, sharp incisors
-dietary changes reflected in tooth evolution
-large back teeth and thick enamel allowed hominins to eat tough vegetation and
sharp teeth for defense and intimidation
-lost those traits and use teeth differently now
bipedalism - ANSWER-✅-walking on two legs
-key feature separating hominids from apes at least 5 mya old
-ardipithecus is the earliest widely accepted bipedal hominid
-can see over long grass
-can carry items back to camp
-reduces exposure to solar radiation
-predates tool use and big brains
-bipedal ancestors probably still hung out in trees
diffusion - ANSWER-✅-borrowing through cultural contact (direct, forced, or
indirect)
acculturation - ANSWER-✅-exchange of cultural features after continuous firsthand
contact
enculturation - ANSWER-✅-how we learn culture by growing up in a particular
society
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