©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
NU 404 EXAM TWO QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
what are the risk factors for low back pain - Ans:✔✔-obesity, cigarette smoking, poor posture, stress,
poor physical condition, poor sleep position, occupation that requires heavy lifting
how does smoking influence low back pain - Ans:✔✔-nicotine in cigarettes is though to interfere with
vital nutrient absorption by the intervertebral discs which leads to disc degeneration
what are the signs and symptoms of low back pain - Ans:✔✔-muscle spasms in single muscle or group of
muscles, dull/acute pain in the lumbar region that is exacerbated by movement, numbness
/tingling/weakness in the leg or foot
what causes numbness/tingling in the effected extremity with a person with low back pain - Ans:✔✔-
nerve root compression (radiculopathy)
What is radiculopathy? - Ans:✔✔-nerve root compression resulting in numbness in affected extremity as
well as pain, weakness, inability to control motor movement in affected area
What is spinal stenosis? - Ans:✔✔-constriction of the spinal foramina that results in pressure of the
spinal cord
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
what can cause spinal stenosis - Ans:✔✔-spinal cord injury, herniated disc and spinal tumor
what are the signs and symptoms of a herniated disc - Ans:✔✔-extreme constant back pain that shoots
down an arm/leg. pain occurring on ones side of the body ( sharp, shooting feeling
what are some complications of a herniated disc - Ans:✔✔-numbness(paresthia) weakness, loss of
bowel/badder control, increase pain in the back, arm, leg and neck , saddle anesthesia which is loss of
sensation of inner thigh, back of legs, rectum
what are some nursing interventions for a patient who just had a spinal cord surgery /lamectomy -
Ans:✔✔-passive/active ROM, senses of lower extremities (lumbar) and hands/arms(cervical), log roll,
splint back when going to a seated position, fracture bed pan, observe for edema in the face, apply
lumbar brace when the patient is supine in bed
what meds are given in low back pain - Ans:✔✔-Nsaids, corticosteroids, opioids, muscle relaxants,
tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, local anesthetics
nursing interventions for a person that has low back pain - Ans:✔✔-admin a stool softener (straining to
have a BM can exacerbate LBP), increase fluid intake, ROM< avoid bending at the waist, lifting with
straight knees or push/pull objects that are greater than 5 pounds
what is multiple sclerosis - Ans:✔✔-neurological disorder that results in impaired function of voluntary
muscles - buildup of sclerosis or scar tissue during demyelination
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
what are the risk factors for multiple sclerosis - Ans:✔✔-living in cold climate, fatigue, overexertion,
extreme temperatures, viral infections, immunological function
What are the s/s of multiple sclerosis? - Ans:✔✔-muscle flaccidity, fatigue in Lower extremities, pain,
paresthesia, impaired movement and thinking, numbness and weakness in limbs, diplopia, decreased
visual acuity, electric shock sensation with head movement , dysphagia, nystagmus, muscle spaced
what meds are given in multiple sclerosis - Ans:✔✔-beta interferon, immunosuppressant (glucocorticoid,
cephalosporin/exythromycin), colic, anticholinergic, antispasmodic/convulsant, beta blocker for tremor
patient teaching for a person w multiple sclerosis - Ans:✔✔-plan rest periods, encourage exercise and
stretching, alternate eye patch between eyes every 3 hours for ur diplopia
what is ALS - Ans:✔✔-progressive degeneration that leads to death of cells that results in the brain losing
it's ability to initiate or control muscle movement which leads to all voluntary muscles being affected and
pt will become paralyzed
with ALS, what will remain intact - Ans:✔✔-sensation
what will a patient with ALS first present with - Ans:✔✔-muscle cramps, stiffening, muscle weakness on
one part of the body, slurred speech, dysphagia
with ALS, you must have clinical manifestations of... - Ans:✔✔-BOTH UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR
NEURON DAMAGE THAT CANNOT B ATTRIBUTED TO ANY OTHER CAUSE
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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024
Upper motor neuron in ALS refers to - Ans:✔✔-spascity
upper motor neuron ALS s/s - Ans:✔✔-hyperreflex, positive babinski, spas city
Lower motor neuron in ALS refers to - Ans:✔✔-flaccidity
Lower motor neuron s/s ALS - Ans:✔✔-muscle cramps, asymmetric distal weakness, muscle
fasciculation's and atrophy
what are the complications of ALS - Ans:✔✔-aspiration, respiratory failure, pneumonia, pressure injury,
DVT, PE, contractors, depression, weight loss, loss ability to care for self
what are some nursing interventions for a patient w ALS - Ans:✔✔-elevate HOB when eat, drink, brush
teeth, turn, cough and deep breathe, turn every 2 hours, discuss/informed decision for ventilator, enteral
tube feed, intubation, report increased difficulty swallowing and breathing, muscle strength and
endurance test, CT (brain), MRI(spine)
what are medications for ALS - Ans:✔✔-tricyclic antidepressants, muscle relaxants and stool
softener/laxative
cervical spine precautions when back boarding - Ans:✔✔-- have the board in line with the patient and
the blanket inline with the lower body area.
- contact precautions / scene safety
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