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Infant and Child Development Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
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Infant and Child Development Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
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Infant and Child Development FinalExam Questions With Complete
Solutions
the brain originates in the.. CORRECT ANSWERS prenatal neural plate
neurogenesis CORRECT ANSWERS proliferation of neurons through cell division//
occurs from 3/4th week -18 weeks
neural migration CORRECT ANSWERS movement of new cells to the cortex// 8-15
weeks after conception
differentiation CORRECT ANSWERS specialization of cells, based on location// 1625
weeks after conception
synaptogenesis CORRECT ANSWERS proliferation of synapsis// prenatal period
through 8-9 weeks
synaptic pruning CORRECT ANSWERS elimination of unused synapses// prenatal
period through early adolescence
the newborn brain CORRECT ANSWERS - about 25% of adult size, uneven in maturity
- only lower portions of NS are developed (spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum)
- higher regions (cerebrum) are rather primitive
- development of "thinking" brain requires more connections and sheathing
myelination CORRECT ANSWERS myelin and coats the axons and speeds brain
processing// prenatal period through late adolescence
by 24 months CORRECT ANSWERS brain is about 75% adult weight opposed to 25%
as infants
brain development: infancy and childhood- synaptogenesis CORRECT ANSWERS
process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of
connections// occurs prenatally with rapid development during first two years of birth //
by 2, cortex has over a hundred trillion synapses
what determines which synapses are maintained and which are pruned? CORRECT
ANSWERS experience- inactive synapses are eliminated
sleep CORRECT ANSWERS REM sleep needed for brain development
nutrients CORRECT ANSWERS - breast milk recommended for first 12 months
,- need high level of fat until about 2 years of age
stimulation CORRECT ANSWERS - experience fine tunes circuits in the developing
brain
- synaptic pruning taking place; specific connections made; others "lost" without
stimulation
avoid trauma CORRECT ANSWERS trauma eliminates stress hormones that can
damage the brain
do babies learn from baby media? CORRECT ANSWERS not really. the best learning
was in the parent child interaction group, when parents tried to teach them rather than
the the child watching videos
what kind of stimulation is important for early brain development CORRECT ANSWERS
-social interaction is the most important stimulation
- joint attention; parent and child both paying attention to the same thing
experience expectant growth CORRECT ANSWERS over the course of evolution,
human infants have been exposed to forms of stimulation used to adjust brain wiring,
strengthening some circuits and eliminating others ie: moving visual patterns (faces),
varied sounds
experience dependent growth CORRECT ANSWERS changes in the brain that are not
linked to specific points in development and that vary across individuals and across
cultures ie: algebra, playing a violin, skill at sports, navigation skills
brain development: childhood years CORRECT ANSWERS brain regions begin to
specialize early
- left hemisphere for verbal functioning at birth
- frontal cortex for emotion and decision making specialized in infancy
- right hemisphere specialized for spatial reasoning relations in prenatal period
- there is some possibility for reassignment of functions
brain plasticity CORRECT ANSWERS refers to the capacity of the brain to be affected
by experience; capacity to become "rewired" after damage (functions reassigned)
recovery from brain damage related to stages of brain development CORRECT
ANSWERS - worst time to suffer brain damage is early stages of prenatal development
-brain damage in early childhood, when synapse generation and pruning are occurring,
has the best prognosis for recovery
- less plasticity in adolescence and adulthood
what is a theory CORRECT ANSWERS a systematic statement of hypotheses and
general principles that provides a framework for interpretation and future research//
leads to hypotheses that are tested, then confirmed or rejected
, what is a developmental theory CORRECT ANSWERS what changes: description
why do changes occur: explanation
Plato CORRECT ANSWERS children are born with innate knowledge// sensory
experiences trigger this knowledge
Aristotle CORRECT ANSWERS no innate knowledge// knowledge rooted in sensory
experiences
Locke CORRECT ANSWERS tabula rasa// knowledge shaped by reinforcement
Rousseau CORRECT ANSWERS newborn endowed with sense of morality and
justice//adults help children develop their natural capacities
Charles Darwin CORRECT ANSWERS first scientific study of childhood// took careful
observations of children
G. Stanley Hall CORRECT ANSWERS founder of American Psychology// studied child
development// questionnaire method
Freud CORRECT ANSWERS psychodynamic perspective// development is determined
by how people resolve conflicts at different stages// stages of psychosexual
development // id ego and super ego
Alfred Binet CORRECT ANSWERS created first intelligence test
John Watson CORRECT ANSWERS nurture position// learning through conditioning/
conditioned fear response in an 11 month old
Arnold Gessel CORRECT ANSWERS maturation theory// conducted longitudinal
studies// developed age norms for developmental milestones// natural unfolding of pre
arranged biological plan
Lorenz/ imprinting CORRECT ANSWERS occurred within a critical period // a specific
time in development when a specific type of learning can take place. ie: chicks hatch
and immediately start following their mother and can recognize her
Erik Erikson// psycosocial theory CORRECT ANSWERS organized 8 challenges/crisis
and developmetn is determined by how a child resolves conflict at different ages//
birth - 1 year CORRECT ANSWERS basic trust vs. mistrust
1-3 years CORRECT ANSWERS autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3-6 years CORRECT ANSWERS initiative vs. guilt
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