NRS433V-Comparing Independent, Dependent,
and Extraneous Variables: Understanding Levels
of Evidence
Understanding the roles of independent, dependent, and extraneous variables is crucial for
evaluating levels of evidence in nursing research. In nursing, evidence-based practice is
fundamental for providing high-quality patient care, and the clarity of these variables can
significantly impact the outcomes of research studies. This discussion will explore the definitions
and differences between independent, dependent, and extraneous variables, their significance in
nursing research, and how they relate to levels of evidence.
Definitions of Variables
Independent Variables:
The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to
observe its effects on other variables. In nursing research, this could be an intervention or
treatment applied to patients. For example, in a study examining the effectiveness of a new
medication for hypertension, the independent variable would be the medication itself.
Dependent Variables:
The dependent variable is the outcome or response that is measured in an experiment. It is
dependent on the independent variable. Continuing with the previous example, the dependent
variable would be the blood pressure levels of the patients after receiving the medication. The
purpose of the research is often to determine if changes in the independent variable lead to
changes in the dependent variable.
Extraneous Variables:
Extraneous variables are all other factors that could potentially influence the dependent variable,
aside from the independent variable. These variables can introduce noise into the study, making
it harder to determine the true effect of the independent variable. For instance, in a study on the
effects of medication on blood pressure, extraneous variables might include patients’ age, diet,
physical activity level, or even stress levels.
Importance of Variables in Nursing Research
In nursing research, the clear identification and management of these variables are critical for
several reasons:
1. Validity: The validity of a study—whether it measures what it intends to measure—
hinges on appropriately defining and controlling independent, dependent, and extraneous
variables. If extraneous variables are not controlled, they can confound results, leading to
invalid conclusions about the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
2. Reliability: Reliable results are essential for evidence-based practice. Consistent
measurement of dependent variables across studies enhances the reliability of findings.
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