Exam (elaborations)
CMSC 411 Second Exam Questions And Answers Latest Update
- Course
- CMSC 411
- Institution
- University Of Maryland - Baltimore County
CMSC 411 Second Exam Questions And Answers Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
CMSC 411 Second Exam Questions And
Answers Latest Update
Pipelining ANS✔✔ Arrange the hardware such that more than one operation
can be performed at the same time.
IF ANS✔✔ Instruction fetch from memory
ID ANS✔✔ Instruction decode & register read
EX ANS✔✔ Execute operation or calculate address
MEM ANS✔✔ Access memory operand
WB ANS✔✔ Write result back to register
IF, ID, EX, MEM, WB ANS✔✔ five stages
Structural Hazard ANS✔✔ required resource(s) is busy and an instruction
needs it, requires stall or fix ISA or Microarchitecture
Data Hazard ANS✔✔ Need to wait for previous instruction to complete its
data read/write
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Control Hazard ANS✔✔ Deciding on control action depends on previous
instruction - Branches
1-bit predictor ANS✔✔ inner loop branches mispredicted twice
2-bit predictor ANS✔✔ only change prediction on two successive
mispredictions
Exception ANS✔✔ Arises within the CPU
e.g., undefined opcode, overflow, syscall
Interrupt ANS✔✔ From an external I/O controller
e.g., USB (mouse, keyboard), print, monitor
Exception Link Register (ELR) ANS✔✔ Save PC of offending (or interrupted)
instruction
Exception Syndrome Register (ESR) ANS✔✔ Save indication of the problem
Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP) ANS✔✔ Pipelining: executing multiple
instructions
dynamic scheduling
Deeper pipleline ANS✔✔ To Increase IPL
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