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RDCS exam 2 Latest 2024| Questions with Complete Solutions
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RDCS exam 2 Latest 2024| Questions withComplete Solutions
How to view a persistent left SVC? - ✔SSN longitudinally, tilting left to view the vertical
vein adjacent to aortic arch
If Persistent left SVC is present...during a contrast exam what will happen? - ✔It will fill the
coronary sinus before the RA
Best view for persistent left SVC contrast exam - ✔Apical 4 chamber
What is the aortopulmonary window? - ✔Direct communication between the ascending
aorta and the main pulmonary artery
What does aortopulmonary window cause? - ✔Diastolic flow reversal in the
descending thoracic aorta
What kind of murmur does an aortopulmonary window present? - ✔Continuous
Symptoms of aortopulmonary window - ✔Respiratory infection, tachypnea, tachycardia
Aortopulmonary window leads to ___? - ✔CHF, pulmonary HTN
What view is aortopulmonary window best evaluated in? - ✔PSAX
What does the Qp/Qs ratio measure? - ✔Shunt severity
,How is aortopulmonary window corrected? - ✔Surgically with a closure device
What kind of murmur is associated with a PDA? - ✔Continuous, high pitched machinery
type murmur
With a PDA, diastolic flow reversal may be seen in the _____ - ✔descending thoracic aorta
What view best demonstrates a PDA? - ✔High PSAX view
What does a PDA cause? - ✔LV volume overload, dilated hyperkinetic LV, dilated LA,
cyanosis especially in lower extremities
How to calculate systolic pulmonary artery pressure - ✔Systolic BP - 4 (PDA PSV) ^2
Normal cardiac pressures can be assumed if the gradient revealed from the shunt flow is
equivalent to ____ which is the normal difference in pressures between the pulmonary artery
and aorta - ✔100 mmHg
What is coarctation of the aorta? - ✔Narrowing of the aortic arch or descending portion
Most common location of aortic coarctation? - ✔Distal to the origin of the left
subclavian artery
T or F. 50% of aortic coarctation cases have bicuspid aortic valve - ✔True
What should be evaluated if aortic coarctation is suspected? - ✔Abdominal aorta
,How will flow be in abdominal aorta with an aortic coarctation? - ✔Low velocity
and monophonic with continuous antegrade flow throughout the entire cardiac cycle
With an aortic coarctation there will be a bilateral decrease in what? - ✔Pedal pulses
and pressures
If coarctation occurs below the the origin of the left subclavian artery what pressures may
be elevated? - ✔Both brachial pressures
If the coarctation occurs proximal to the origin of the left subclavian artery how will left brachial
pressures differ from right? - ✔Left may be decreased compared to the right
What is truncus arteriosus? - ✔Single large overriding outflow tract with VSD
Pulmonary artery and aorta arise from a single trunk vessel with a single valve controlling flow
out of heart into the truncus
How many types of truncus arteriosus are there? - ✔4
type 1 truncus arteriosus - ✔Main pulmonary artery originates from the trunk artery
type 2 and 3 truncus arteriosus - ✔Left and right pulmonary arteries both originate from
the trunk artery
type 4 truncus arteriosus - ✔No pulmonary arteries are formed, only bronchial
arteries originate from the descending aorta
What view is preferred for diagnosis of transposition of great arteries? - ✔PSAX
, What is transposition of great arteries? - ✔Aorta arises from the right ventricle and
the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle
Complete or D-transposition - ✔Pulmonary artery originates from the LV and blood enters
the lungs to return to the LA and the aorta originated from the RV and the blood returns to the
RA through the IVC
After PFO closes on complete or D-transposition what will occur? - ✔Severe cyanosis if
no other defect is present
What is complete or D-transposition commonly seen with? - ✔Secundum ASD or outlet VSD
What is the mustard procedure? - ✔Corrective surgery that uses baffles to guide flow
into proper ventricles
What is corrected or L-transposition? - ✔The ventricles and the great vessels are
both reversed
Blood flow with corrected/L-transposition - ✔pulmonary venous blood enters the LA ->
moves from the LA to the RV -> then exits the RV through the aorta to body -> returns to the
heart via the IVC which empties into the RA -> blood moves from the RA into the LV -> exits the
heart via the pulmonary artery to the lungs and then back to the LA
What views are helpful in determining ventricle morphology with corrected/L-transposition? -
✔Apical Views
What is shown with Tetralogy of Fallot? - ✔VSD; overriding aorta - received blood from both
ventricles due to VSD; pulmonary stenosis - usually Infundibular; right ventricular hypertrophy
Signs of long termed cyanosis - ✔Clubbed fingers & discolored nail beds
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