Exam Week 4: NR668 / NR 668 (Latest )
Psychiatric-Mental Health Capstone Practicum &
Intensive | Review Questions and Answers | 100% Correct |
Grade A – Chamberlain
Pharmacodynamics - ANS-How the drug effects the body
-therapeutic vs. side effects
• Is it stimulating?
• Is it depressing?
• Does it block something?
-Onset of action
• Route, Dosage
-Duration of action
• Redistribution rate, metabolism rate and excretion rate
-Mechanism of action
• Drugs simply speed up or slow down what is already occurring in the body
-Efficacy
• (Intrinsic activity) After binding, the drugs capacity to cause an effect
-Potency
• The amount of a drug needed to produce a given effect
Agonist: - ANS-Compounds which give maximal response after receptor
occupation and activation.
-Example: Oxycodone
Partial Agonists: - ANS-Compounds which activate the receptor but not at the
maximal response.
-Example Buprenorphine (Suboxone) or Buspirone
Antagonist: - ANS-Blocks the action of an agonist.
-Example: Neuroleptics, Naloxone
,Inverse Agonist: - ANS-Binds to receptor and has the opposite action of an agonist
and below baselinesignal transduction
Pharmacokinetics - ANS-How the body effects the drug
-Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME)
-Metabolizing the drug via CYP450 through the gut & liver
Bioavailability - ANS-Absorption: Drugs cross a barrier.
-Involves bioavailability or Quantity of drug reaching circulation/quantityof the
drug administered.
• Our own barriers such as skin and mucous membranes as well as food,
molecular weight, chemical, biological barriers, etc. reduce how much drug is
actually absorbed and available. IV route has 100% bioavailability. All other routes
<100%
First pass metabolism - ANS--reduces the concentration of a drug
• travels through digestive system & entering the liver.
• reducing the bioavailability of the drug
Drugs that cross the BBB are _____________ - ANS-fat soluble
Vd: Volume of distribution = ________ - ANS-amount of drug/concentration
• large Volume of distribution may indicate the drug distributes extensively into
the body
• Vd is a theoretical fluid volume necessary to contain the total amount of a drug
at the same concentration observed in the plasma
A patient who is in renal failure would have a increased or decreased Vd? - ANS-
Increased because of fluid retention
plasma protein binding - ANS--cannot leave the circulation easily
, -Free (unbound) crosses membranes
-Two drugs that are both highly protein bound will compete with each other
• The unbound fraction goes through metabolism and is responsible for the
pharmacologic effects
-rapid weight loss may result in drugs being released from fat cells
Drugs that are highly protein bound and have a narrow therapeutic index can be
dangerous because: - ANS-margin of error between therapeutic and toxic is
narrow
Metabolism - ANS--Mostly in the liver
-Biotransformation or change it to inactive form or make it more water soluble to
facilitate excretion
• transformed substance is called the metabolite.
The rate of metabolism is affected by: - ANS--age, liver & drug tolerance
• Body may produce more enzymes & the liver becomes faster at breaking that
particular drug down
half life - ANS-this is the time it takes the peak level to fall by ½
Steady state of a drug: - ANS--When the rate of drug administration & elimination
are equal
-can be achieved in 4 - 5 half lives
Phase I reactions: - ANS-Transforms drug, CYP450 Oxidases. Make it available for
the body to use
Phase II reactions: - ANS-Conjugation reactions or attach drug with something.
End products tend to be less active than their substrates
Excretion: - ANS--Kidneys are the main excretory gland.
-Other modes include feces, bile, respiration, milk, perspiration and tears
Glomerular Filtration: - ANS-Removes drugs or metabolites not bound to proteins
present in the blood plasma.
-Metabolite excreted in the urine
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