Exam (elaborations)
NUR 8022 Intro to Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam 2024
- Course
- Institution
NUR 8022 Intro to Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam 2024
[Show more]
Content preview
NUR 8022 Intro to AdvancedPhysiology and Pathophysiology
Exam 2024
Electrolytes - --Inorganic ions in the protoplasm are electrolytes
-Most common electrolytes in the body are Na+, K+, and Cl-
-Internal Environment - --60% of the body is fluid
-Mostly inside the cells (ICF)
-Contains ions and nutrients to sustain life
-inorganic: ions: Na+, K+, Cl-
-organic: proteins, lipids, carbs
-Proper concentrations of O2, glucose, different ions, AA, fatty substances,
and other constituents in this environment essential to cell viability
-ECF - --Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
-Nutrients = O2, glucose, fatty acids, and AA
-Waste products for excretion (CO2)
-Membranes maintain concentration balance (Na+ on the outside, K+ on
inside)
-ICF - --K+, Mag, Phosphate ions
-Homeostasis - --"Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal
environment"
-All organs and tissues involved
EX: kidneys maintain ion concentrations,
respiratory-- O2 and excretion of CO2
-Control systems control ICF and ECF functions
EX: regulation of O2 and CO2
-Negative Feedback - -promotes stability; most of the time it's a good thing.
Promotes homeostasis. End result is different than initiating stimulus
EX: hyperglycemia- pancreas will release insulin---> takes glucose back into
the cells---> decreases blood glucose level
*started with elevated BGL, ended with decrease BGL
-Positive Feedback - -promotes change in one direction; initiating trigger is
made worse.
EX: labor contractions-become closer, stronger (Exaggerated response)
-Cell Membrane - -1. Phospholipids
2.Cholesterol
, 3.Proteins
*cell membrane is the gate keeper
-Proteins in Cell Membrane - --provide selectivity to a membrane
-defined by mode of association with the lipid bilayer
-integral: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
(transmembrane proteins-extend the width of lipid bilayer)
-peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators
-Cell Membrane Composition - --lipid bilayer
-hydrophilic (charged) head
-hydrophobic tail (not charged)
-Carbohydrates (Cell Membrane) - --negative charge of carbo chains repels
other negative charges
-involved in cell-cell attachments/interactions (other cells stick to each other)
-play a role in immune reactions
-receptors for binding hormones ( like insulin)
-"glycocalyx)
-Cholesterol (Cell Membrane) - --present in membranes in varying amounts
-Generally decreases membrane FLUIDITY and PERMEABILITY (except plasma
membrane--> less lipids= Water can pass more easily)
-Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY
-dissolved within the bilayer membrane
-ATP Production - -Step 1.
- Carbohydrates are converted to glucose
- Proteins are converted into AA
- Fats are converted into fatty acids
Step 2.
-Glucose, AA, and FA are processed into AcetylCoA
Step 3.
-AcetylCoA reacts with O2 to produce ATP
*38 molecules of ATP are formed per molecule of glucose degraded.
-Cellular Power - --ATP serves as the chemical fuel for cellular processes
-Adenosine is joined to 3 phosphate (or triphosphate groups
-chemical bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups contain
abundant energy
-ATP converted to ADP to produce energy
- the rupture of the terminal phosphate bond releases energy
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Nursephil2023. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
78252 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now