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CMN3102 Quantitative Methods Final Exam With Complete Solution

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CMN3102 Quantitative Methods Final Exam With Complete Solution...

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  • October 21, 2024
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  • Questions & answers
  • CMN3102
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CMN3102 Quantitative Methods Final Exam
With Complete Solution


Theory - ANSWER A proposed explanation for how a set of natural
phenomena will occur, capable of making predictions about the phenomena
for the future, and capable of being falsified through empirical observation

Explanation - ANSWER an attempt to satisfy one's curiosity about an
observable event

Ways to explain something - ANSWER - Appealing to authority

- Label the phenomenon

- Evoke empathy

- Define terms or give examples

- Appeal to general empirical rules (the best) -> the only way to explain the
past and present in a manner that can help us predict the future

Empiricism - ANSWER the belief that science is only acceptable insofar as the
phenomenon can be observed

Hypothesis - ANSWER the conclusion that occurs at the end of a series of
propositions

Proposition - ANSWER a statement that either confirms or denies something

Two components of a hypothetical proposition - ANSWER - An antecedent
statement (if)

- A consequent statement (then)

,ex: If I was born in Canada (antecedent), then I am Canadian (consequent).

Argument - ANSWER a set of propositions in which one follows logically as a
conclusion from the others

Empirical generalisation - ANSWER the attempt to describe a phenomenon
based on what we know about it at this time

Ecologic fallacy - ANSWER making generalisations about an individual
because they belong to a specific group

Exception fallacy - ANSWER making generalisations about a specific group
because of an individual

Descriptive statistics - ANSWER - used to describe an observed phenomenon

- used to organize and summarize information or data (any record or
observation)




Inferential statistics - ANSWER - used to make predictions based on our
observations

- allow researchers to make inferences about some unknown aspect of a
population from a sample

- stem from a research question or a hypothesis




Alternative hypothesis - ANSWER the prediction that there is a relationship
that has not occurred by chance or random error

,Null hypothesis - ANSWER states that there is no relationship between
variables

- assumed to be true until there is sufficient evidence that supports the
contrary

- easier to probe something is false

- more general base to make predictions




Hypothesis testing - ANSWER the process a researcher goes through using
inferential statistics to determine whether we reject or accept the null
hypothesis




Variable - ANSWER an entity that can take on a variety of different values




Concrete variables - ANSWER stable and consistent, ex: biological sex, birth
order, birthday




Abstract variables - ANSWER change or differ over time or across situations
or contexts, ex: age, communication satisfaction, honesty




4 types of unit analysis - ANSWER - Individuals: focus on an individual's
temperament, personality, or communication traits

- Dyads: collecting information about two people involved in an

, interpersonal relationship

- Groups: the interaction of people when placed together in a group to
accomplish a goal

- Organisations: the ways in which organizational members interact with one
another




Variable attributes - ANSWER refer to the specific categories of a variable, ex:
biological sex: male/female




Variable values - ANSWER the numerical designation assigned to each
variable to allow for statistical analysis, ex: biological sex: male = 1, female =
2




Relationship - ANSWER refers to the correspondence or connection between
two variables




Positive relationship - ANSWER exists when an increase in one variable is
associated with an increase in the other variable (or vice versa)




Negative relationship - ANSWER exists when an increase in one variable is
associated with a decrease in the other variable (or vice versa)

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