NURS617 FINAL EXAM Questions and Correct Answers the Latest Update
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Course
NURS617
Institution
NURS617
axial vs appendicular skeleton
axial=skull, thorax, vertebral column (main supporting structures)
appendicular=UEs/LEs, pelvis, shoulder
types of bones: long vs short vs irregular vs flat
long=upper/lower extremities
short=ankle/wrist; mostly spongey
irregular=vertebrae, jaw
flat=skul...
✓ bone stem cells; source of all bone cells EXCEPT FOR OSTEOCLASTS
✓ -increase in activation during puberty, fractures
effects of calcitonin vs PTH
✓ -calcitonin=lowers serum calcium & decreases resorptive function of osteoclasts;
increases bone mass, increased renal excretion of calcium & phosphates
✓ -PTH=increases serum calcium; increased renal conservation of calcium , decreased
bone mass over time
✓ -highly vascularized, especially in regions containing spongy bone
✓ -blood vessels enter bones from the periosteum via nutrient foramen
✓ -haversian canals=blood vessels + nerves supplying osteon
✓ -blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen required by cells and remove waste
products from bone cells
hematopoiesis in children vs adults
✓ -in fetus: hematopoiesis transfers from liver to long bones
✓ -children: red marrow replaced by yellow marrow in long bones; epiphysis separated
by metaphysis by cartilaginous growth plate, fuses by puberty
✓ -adults: red marrow restricted to flat bones (pelvis, fibs, sternum)
✓ RED MARROW=RBC PRODUCTION, YELLOW=ADIPOSE CELLS
✓ 1. Hyaline - most abundant, slightly flexible; ex=nose, ribs
✓ 2. Elastic - most flexible, 2nd abundant; ex=ears
✓ 3. Fibrocartilage - least flexible; ex=knee, vertebrae
✓ -cartilage=more flexible than bone d/t increased extracellular substance that bone
✓ -no blood vessels; diffusion used for transport unless calcified by high calcium levels
production of D3
✓ -produced in liver by PTH & prolactin; increases absorption of calcium
✓ -hypoparathyroidism=low D3, high calcium & phosphorus
✓ -hyperparathyroidism=high D3, low calcium & phosphorus
what happens when serum calcium is low?
✓ -PTH released by parathyroid to stimulate osteoclasts to release calcium
✓ -kidneys activate vit D to increase calcium absorption by intestines
✓ -kidneys retain calcium & phosphorus
what happens when serum calcium is high?
✓ -PTH inhibited, calcitonin released from thyroid to increase renal clearance of ca+
and phosphate
✓ -inhibits osteoclast activity & inhibits D3 production
sources of vitamin D
✓ sunlight, fortified milk, fish, fish liver oils, eggs
✓ Tendons=connect muscle to bone
✓ ligaments=connect bone to bone
✓ joint/articulation=where bone meets bone
synarthrosis vs synovial/diarthrodial joints
✓ -synarthrosis=absolutely no movement
✓ -synovial=freely moveable, most joints in body; have synovial fluid for lubrication of
joint + prevent bone degradation. MOST FREQUENTLY EFFECTED BY
RHEUMATIC DX (EX-FIBRO,RA)
SYNOVIAL FLUID
✓ -Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular
cartilage
✓ -normal=clear or pale yellow appearance, does not clot, less than <100cells/mm
✓ -used for diagnostics of rheumatic dx
bursa + bursitis
✓ -fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another;
NOT PART OF JOINT
✓ -prevents friction over tendons
✓ -bursitis=inflammation of a bursa
healing process of muscular/joint injuries
✓ -via fibroblasts producing collagen; collagen accumulates to restrengthen
✓ -starts to heal ~2 weeks, not fully until 2mo; can easily re-damage ligaments/tendon if
not fully healed
strain vs sprain
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