NURS207 Exam Study Guide.
Anatomy - answerlearning the body structures and the relationship among them
- through dissections or medical imaging
Physiology - answerThe study of body function
- how the body responds to stimuli and how it works
Pathophysiology - answerthe study of how disease pro...
Anatomy - answer✔learning the body structures and the relationship among them
- through dissections or medical imaging
Physiology - answer✔The study of body function
- how the body responds to stimuli and how it works
Pathophysiology - answer✔the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
cranial cavity - answer✔the cavity contains the brain within the skull
- and also parts of the spinal cord
thoracic cavity - answer✔contains heart and lungs
abdominopelvic cavity - answer✔contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
- contains the organs within these cavities
intracellular fluid - answer✔fluid within cells
extracellular fluid - answer✔fluid outside the cell
total body mass - answer✔sum of lean tissue mass and fat mass
- in females - 45% solid, 55% fluid
- in males - 40% solid, 60% fluid
electrolytes in fluid - answer✔makes cells more excitable and can respond to stimulus that need
to carry out specific function
- intracellular fluids contain potassium
- extracellular fluids contain more sodium and chlorine
Cells - answer✔collection of molecules enclosed by a cell membrane
Tissues - answer✔collection of cells with structural and function specializations
Organs - answer✔collection of tissues with a structure and function
integumentary system - answer✔Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
- protects the body, regulates temperature and senses stimuli from the environment
circulatory system - answer✔heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus
gland
- transporting material maintaining pressure gradient (essential for exchange within the body,
immunity
respiratory system - answer✔consists of the nasal cavity, airway and lungs
- transporting gases between internal and external environments
digestive system - answer✔oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, galbladder
- ingestion and breakdown of food particles for the purpose of absorption
renal system - answer✔kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
- maintaining fluid, electrolytes, production of eryhtrocytes
endocrine system - answer✔Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
immune system - answer✔thymus, spleen, lymph and leukocytes
- defense against foreign invaders
nervous system - answer✔the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses
between parts of the body.
- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system
musculoskeletal system - answer✔the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and
protect the body and permit movement
- used for support
reproductive system - answer✔ovaries, uterus and testes
- produces offspring
Homeostasis - answer✔to maintain nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
- state of equilibrium with respect to bodily functions and chemical composition
- maintained through a feedback mechanism of positive and negative
positive feedback - answer✔- reinforces the stimuli, increasing in intensity, sending the variable
farther from the setpoint
negative feedback - answer✔a decrease in function in response to a stimulus
- shuts down the respond loop
three parts of the cell - answer✔plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
plasma membrane - answer✔highly selective permeable membrane enclosing all the internal
contents of a living cell
- separates the intracellular from the extracellular
cytoplasm - answer✔consists of all the cellular contents inside the cell between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus
- Cytosol and Organelles
Cytosol - answer✔Fluid portion of cytoplasm
organelles - answer✔A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
- mitochondria
- endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
- Golgi
- Lysosomes
Nucleus - answer✔structure associated with gene expression and cell division
- serves as genetic information storage
functions of the plasma membrane - answer✔- structural support
- physical isolations
- regulation of exchange
- communication between cells and external environments
Structure of the Plasma Membrane - answer✔- a lipid bilayer with phospholipid heads (sides)
- the layer facing the exterior and interior of the cell are lipids
amphipathic molecules - answer✔containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
- both have polar and non polar parts
- hydrophilic ends face water fluid to avoid water spilling through the cell
Types Membrane Proteins - answer✔integral proteins and peripheral proteins
integral membrane proteins - answer✔firmly embedded in the membrane
- lipid anchored proteins (proteins that insert themselves into either side of the cell membrane)
- Transmembrane proteins (proteins that spand the entire lipid bilayer and protrude the cytosol
and ECF)
Peripheral Proteins - answer✔The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid
bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
diffusion - answer✔movement of a solute within a medium and membrane in a biological system
- by concentration gradient
osmosis - answer✔movement of a SOLVENT through a membrane by means of concentration
gradient
facilitated diffusion - answer✔Carrier proteins help larger particles to cross the membrane
- higher to a lower concentration
active transport - answer✔particles move against the concentration gradient which need ATP
cotransport - answer✔carrier-mediated transport by which two transported substances move in
the same direction
- a type of secondary active transport
countertransport - answer✔transported molecules are moving in the opposite directions
four main categories of the transport process - answer✔bulk flow, diffusion, protein mediated
transport, vesicular transport
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