2025 Immunology UAMS MLT-MLS
Correctly Solved Exam Question and
Answers [100% Correct] Latest Release!!
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, primarily function to identify and neutralize pathogens such as
bacteria and viruses...
2025 Immunology UAMS MLT-MLS
Correctly Solved Exam Question and
Answers [100% Correct] Latest Release!!
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?
Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, primarily function to identify and neutralize pathogens such as
bacteria and viruses.
Describe the role of B cells in the adaptive immune response.
B cells are responsible for the production of antibodies, which bind to specific antigens, marking
them for destruction by other immune cells.
What are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, providing a rapid but non-specific response to
pathogens, while adaptive immunity is a slower, specific response that involves memory cells and the
production of antibodies.
Explain the significance of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in immune function.
MHC molecules present peptide fragments from pathogens on the surface of cells, allowing T
cells to recognize and respond to infected or abnormal cells.
What is the function of T helper cells in the immune response?
T helper cells (CD4+ T cells) assist in the activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells by releasing
cytokines and enhancing the immune response.
Describe the difference between primary and secondary immune responses.
The primary immune response occurs upon first exposure to an antigen and is slower, while the
secondary immune response is faster and more robust due to the presence of memory cells from the
initial exposure.
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,What is the role of cytokines in the immune system?
Cytokines are signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and
hematopoiesis, facilitating communication between immune cells.
How do vaccines work to provide immunity?
Vaccines introduce an antigen or a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system,
leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells without causing disease.
What are the different classes of immunoglobulins, and what are their functions?
The five classes of immunoglobulins are IgG (main antibody in secondary response), IgA (found in
mucosal areas), IgM (first antibody produced), IgE (involved in allergic reactions), and IgD (role in B cell
activation).
Explain the process of phagocytosis in the immune response.
Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf
and digest pathogens or debris to eliminate them from the body.
What is an antigen, and how does it differ from an epitope?
An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response, while an epitope is a specific part
of the antigen recognized by antibodies or T cell receptors.
Describe the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system.
Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that play a critical role in the innate immune
response by directly killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
What is the function of suppressor T cells (regulatory T cells)?
Suppressor T cells help maintain immune tolerance by regulating and suppressing the immune
response, preventing overreaction that can lead to autoimmunity.
How do memory cells contribute to long-term immunity?
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, Memory cells are long-lived cells that remain in the body after an infection or vaccination,
allowing for a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
What is the complement system, and what role does it play in immunity?
The complement system is a group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and
phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism, promoting inflammation and cell lysis.
Explain the significance of class switching in B cell responses.
Class switching is the process by which B cells change the class of antibody they produce (e.g.,
from IgM to IgG) in response to signals, allowing for a more effective and tailored immune response.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity develops as a result of infection or vaccination, leading to the formation of
memory cells, while passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another source, providing
temporary protection.
Describe how autoimmunity occurs and its potential effects on the body.
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body’s own
tissues, leading to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
What are superantigens, and how do they affect the immune response?
Superantigens are a class of antigens that provoke an excessive immune response by activating a
large number of T cells non-specifically, which can lead to toxic shock and severe inflammation.
Explain the role of dendritic cells in the immune system.
Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture and process antigens, then migrate to
lymph nodes to activate T cells and initiate the adaptive immune response.
What is the role of interferons in antiviral immunity?
Interferons are signaling proteins released by infected cells that help neighboring cells resist viral
replication and activate immune cells to enhance the antiviral response.
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