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CETP Chapter 1 questions well answered already passed
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CETP Chapter 1 questions well answered already passed
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CETP Chapter 1 questions wellanswered already passed
What do we call the pressure inside vs outside the lungs? - correct answer ✔✔Pressure within the lungs:
alveolar pressure
Pressure outside the lungs: atmospheric pressure
Describe how differences in alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure enable breathing - correct
answer ✔✔Through contraction of inspiratory muscles, we expand the chest cavity. As the lungs expand,
alveolar pressure gets lower than atmospheric pressure. This draws air into the lungs, to equalize
pressure. At that point, muscles contract to reduce the volume of the chest cavity. This creates positive
pressure within the lungs, pushing air out.
How many times per minute does the inhalation-exhalation cycle occur in adults? - correct answer
✔✔12-18
What is the ratio of expiration to inhalation during normal tidal breathing? - correct answer ✔✔60%-
40%
What is the ratio of expiration to inhalation during breathing for speech? - correct answer ✔✔90%-10%
What % total capacity do the lungs have at rest? - correct answer ✔✔40%
Describe the right lung vs left lung - correct answer ✔✔Right: shorter, broader, bigger. Liver underneath
forces it up a bit. Three lobes.
Left: Smaller, heart takes up space. Two lobes.
Describe the relationship between bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar ducts - correct answer ✔✔In the
lungs, bronchi subdivide into bronchioles. Bronchioles repeatedly subdivide until they become very thin.
They communicate with alveolar ducts that open into tiny air sacs in the lungs
,What is the trachea? - correct answer ✔✔A tube about 11 centimeters long formed by approximately 20
rings of cartilage. The rings are incomplete at the back, where the trachea comes into direct contact with
the esophagus. The last tracheal ring splits into the left and right primary bronchi at T5
Describe the makeup of the spinal column - correct answer ✔✔32-33 individual vertebrae.
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae (fused in adults)
3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused, called the coccyx)
What are the three parts of the sternum? - correct answer ✔✔Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
What is the manubrium? - correct answer ✔✔The uppermost part of the sternum. Provides the
attachment for the clavicle and first rib
What is the body/corpus? - correct answer ✔✔Long and narrow middle of the sternum. Rib cartilages 2-
7 attach to the body.
What is the xiphoid process? - correct answer ✔✔Projection of cartilage at the bottom of the sternum
Describe the composition of the ribcage - correct answer ✔✔The sternum is the anterior surface
12 thoracic vertebrae in the posterior surface
12 pairs of ribs that connect laterally from the vertebrae to their individual costal cartilages
How does the diaphragm move? - correct answer ✔✔Muscle fibers insert into the central tendon of the
diaphragm and contract to pull the central tendon down and forward to expand the thoracic cavity
What are the intercostal muscles? - correct answer ✔✔11 paired internal intercostals and 11 paired
external intercostals
, What do the internal intercostals do? - correct answer ✔✔pull the ribs downward to decrease the
diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation
What do the external intercostals do? - correct answer ✔✔raise the ribs up and out to increase the
diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation. Because they expand the thoracic cavity, the external
intercostals provide a large amount of the total respiratory capacity, so they're crucial for speech
breathing. They also perform a checking action, along w other inspiratory muscles, to control the flow of
air leaving the lungs during speech
What is the function of the diaphragm? - correct answer ✔✔distends abdomen, enlarges vertical
dimension of thorax, depresses central tendon of diaphragm
What is the function of the serratus posterior superior? - correct answer ✔✔Elevates rib cage
What is the function of the levator costarum brevis? - correct answer ✔✔Elevates rib cage
What is the function of the levator costarum longis? - correct answer ✔✔Elevates rib cage
What are the three key neck muscles involved in respiration? - correct answer ✔✔Sternocleidomastoid,
trapezius, scalenes
What does the sternocleidomastoid do? - correct answer ✔✔elevates sternum, and thus, indirectly, the
ribcage
What does the trapezius do? - correct answer ✔✔Controls and elongates neck and indirectly influences
respiration
What do the scalenes do? - correct answer ✔✔(anterior, middle, posterior) stabilize and rotate the head.
These muscles are attached to the first two ribs, and therefore indirectly enlarge the vertical dimension
of the thorax
What does the pectoralis major do? - correct answer ✔✔Increases transverse dimension of rib cage
through elevation of sternum
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