Epistemology correct answers Study of knowledge, of how and why we know what we know
What are the Four Common origins of knowledge? correct answers Tradition, Intuition, Authority, and Experience
Tradition - origin of knowledge correct answers things that we know to be true because we have be...
HD 310 Exam 1 || with 100% Errorless Answers.
Epistemology correct answers Study of knowledge, of how and why we know what we know
What are the Four Common origins of knowledge? correct answers Tradition, Intuition,
Authority, and Experience
Tradition - origin of knowledge correct answers things that we know to be true because we have
been told that they are true
(culture; community; family of origin)
Intuition - origin of knowledge correct answers things we know to be true, just because we have
a 'sense'
(A bat and a ball cost $1.10.
The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball)
Authority - origin of knowledge correct answers things we believe to be true based on status or
authority
(Jim Carrey commenting on vaccinations)
Experience - origin of knowledge correct answers things we know as a function of our direct
experience
(confirmation bias, false consensus effect)
Confirmation Bias correct answers we tend to pay more attention to experiences that confirm our
beliefs or worldview, and less attention to experiences that disconfirm our beliefs or worldview
False Consensus Effect correct answers we tend to believe that others are more like us than they
actually are
Science correct answers a way to bridge the gap between "agreement" (or tradition, or authority)
and "experience"
What are the Characteristics of Science? correct answers -Results are accurately reported to
others
-Data (observations) are central
-Adversarial and falsifiable
-Peer-reviewed
What are the Goals of Science? correct answers -Describe behavior or attitudes
-Predict future behavior
-Explain the causes of behavior
-Evaluate the effectiveness of programs
Ethics correct answers conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group
, Tuskegee Syphilis Study 1933-1971 correct answers -600 low-income African-American males
from rural Alabama, many with syphilis
-Monitored for 40 years and given free medical exams. But they were not told of their syphilis
diagnosis, nor was it treated, even when penicillin became widely available in the 1950s
Milgram's Obedience Studies 1960s correct answers -40 individuals were instructed to 'shock'
another person (the learner) when the learner gave an incorrect answer
-Intensity of the 'shock' increased with each incorrect response
-About 2/3 of initial participants delivered a 'shock' of the highest intensity possible
National Research Act (1974) correct answers A committee was instructed to identify the
fundamental ethical principles that should guide research with human participants
What was the Result of the National Research Act in response to the Tuskegee study? correct
answers The Belmont Report (1979)
What are the Three Principles to the Belmont Report? correct answers 1. Respect for Persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice
Respect for Persons (Belmont Report Principle) correct answers -Participation voluntary and
based on a full understanding of what the research consists of
-Consider how to protect individuals with limited autonomy (children, prisoners, etc.)
Beneficence (Belmont Report Principle) correct answers -Researchers must minimize the risks of
harm and maximize the potential benefits
-Participants must not be harmed, and ideally should benefit from participating
Justice (Belmont Report Principle) correct answers -Treat people fairly
-Design studies so that the burdens and benefits of research are shared equitably across society
Risks due to Participation correct answers -violations of anonymity or confidentiality
-harm as a result of the study
Deception correct answers -being less honest about goal of the study
-use a confederate to pose as bystander
-provide false feedback
Debriefing correct answers discussing the study with the participants after the conclusion.
-clarify nature of study
-remove stress or negative consequences
-obtain participant reaction
Non-treated control group correct answers in some medical trials, control group doesn't receive
treatment, ethical research dilemma
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