PRESICE AND SHORT NOTES TO BE ABLE TO CRACK NEET EXAM COMING FROM AN MBBS STUDENT. CAN BE USEFUL IN BOARD EXAMS AS WELL. INFORMATION FROM AAKASH COACHING CENTRES AND NCERT TEXTBOOKS HAVE BEEN ADDED.
CH 5 Morphology of flowering plants :
Root system : underground system :
● Elongation of radicle - forms primary root - bears lateral roots (secondary and tertiary roots)
● Types :
○ Fibrous root : in monocots - primary root short lived - replaced by roots from base of stem -
eg : wheat plant
○ Tap root : primary roots and branches - in dicots - eg : mustard plant.
○ Adventitious roots : arise from other parts of plants (except radicle) - eg : grass, monstera,
banyan tree
● Functions : absorption of water, anchorage to plants, storage of reserve food materials, synthesise
PGR (plant growth regulators)
● Regions of root : region of maturation (root hairs formed - absent in hydrophytes) - region of
elongation (cells differentiate and mature gradually) - region of meristematic activity (small thin
walled cells with dense cytoplasm, divide continuously) - root cap (covers root apex and protects,
absent in hydrophytes)
● Root modifications :
○ Storage of food (swollen) - carrot and turnip (tap root) - sweet potato (adventitious root)
○ Prop root - arise from branches for mechanical support - Banyan
○ Pneumatophore : grows vertically upward - negative geotropism - helps in respiration in
swampy areas (Rhizophora)
○ Stilt root : supporting roots from lower nodes of STEM (maize, sugarcane)
Stem:
● Develops from plumule of embryo - bears nodes (leaves are born) and internodes (in between
nodes), green when young - turns brown later
● Bears buds - axillary or terminal
● Function: absorb water n minerals and photosynthates,support,storage,protects
● Stem modifications:
○ Food storage / organs of perennation : underground stems - potato (tuber), ginger (rhizome),
colocasia (corm), onion (bulb)
○ Stem tendrils : Climb up on support - coiled - cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon, grapevine
○ Thorns : modification of axillary bud - protection from animals - Citrus, Bougainville
○ Phylloclade / cladode : Flattened stem (Opuntia), Cylindrical (euphorbia) - contain
chlorophyll - photosynthesis
○ Runner : Underground : Spread to new niches, old die new formed- grass and strawberry
○ Stolon : Lateral branch - mint and jasmine - arise from base of main axis - arch downwards
○ Offset : Aquatic plants - rosette of leaves, tuft of roots - pistia and eichhornia
○ Sucker : Underground - banana, pineapple, chrysanthemum - grows horizontally - come out
as leafy shoots.
Leaf :
● Arises from shoot apical meristem - Generally flattened - develop at node - bears axillary bud
which develops into branch - acropetal arrangement.
● Functions : photosynthesis and transpiration
● 3 parts :
○ leaf base / hypopodium : attachment of leaf to stem - sometimes swollen (pulvinus)
responsible for sleep movement eg : mimosa - sometimes expands into sheath, eg :
monocots like grass and banana - has stipules (small leaf like appendages)
○ Petiole / mesopodium : stalk of leaf - holds leaf blade to light - allows leaf fluttering
○ Lamina / epipodium : leaf blade - broad part - has veins (provide rigidity, transport water,
minerals, food).
● Venation :
○ Reticulate : branches of veins form network - in dicots and some monocots (smilax,
dioscorea, alocasia)
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