GIVES A SIMPLE AND PRECISE SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION FROM CLASS 11 NCERT BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK AND ADDITIONAL SOURCES. VERY USEFUL FOR NEET EXAM AS IT INCLUDES INFORMATION FROM AAKASH COACHING CENTRES. FOR THE OTHER CHAPTERS CONTACT ME. ALL THE BEST ON CRACKING THE NEET EXAM.
CH 2 - Biological classification :
● Aristotle - classification of plants (trees, shrubs, herbs) and animals (RBC present or not) - simple
morphological characters based
● Linnaeus - 2 kingdoms - plantae and animalia -Distinguished on the basis of cell wall, locomotion,
mode of nutrition, response to external stimuli, and contractile system.
no distinction between eukaryotes / prokaryotes, unicellular / multicellular, photosynthetic / non
photosynthetic - chlamydomonas, euglena, slime moulds (both animal and plant character
exhibited)
● Haeckel - 3 kingdom classification - plantae, animalia, protista - protisa has unicellular, aquatic,
eukaryotes (fungi, algae, bacteria, slime moulds, protozoa)
● Copeland - 4 kingdom - plantae, animalia, protista, monera - monerans were prokaryotes -
eubacteria (includes cyanobacteria) and archaebacteria
● Whittaker 1969 - 5 kingdom classification - monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia - criteria : cell
struc, body org, mode of nutrition, reproduction, phylogenetic relationships.
● CARL WOESE - 3 domain system - kingdom monera into eubacteria and archaebacteria and
remaining eukaryotes in 3rd domain. - 6 kingdom classification
● Drawbacks in earlier sys : bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms,
angiosperms were all under plants.
○ Prokaryotes (blue green algae) and bacteria were with eukaryotes
○ Unicellular and multicellular were together - chlamydomonas and spirogyra under algae
○ No diff btw heterotrophic (fungi) and autotrophic (green plants).
○ Difference in wall composition - fungi, chitin and plants, cellulose.
● Protists - all unicellular - chlamydomonas and chlorella (earlier in algae - plants) now with
paramecium and amoeba (earlier in animals).
Kingdom monera :
● Prokaryotic only - nuclear membrane absent only here - cellular level - 70s ribosomes - non histone,
ds - DNA and RNA - polysaccharide + amino acid cell wall - mitochondria not powerhouse.
● Bacteria sole members - cosmopolitan distribution - most extensive metabolic diversity - complex
behaviour, simple structure - asexual reproduction
● Nutrition :
○ Autotrophic - own food from inorganic substrates
■ Photosynthetic : from sunlight - pigments present (bacteriochlorophyll and
bacterioviridin) - water not source of electron (uses H2S) - no oxygen evolved in
photosynthesis as no water splitting /
■ Chemosynthetic : own food from inorganic substrates - not use light source - energy
as ATP - recycle nutrients (N2 and phos)
○ Heterotrophic : majority
■ Saprophytic : from organic remains - dead organisms - secrete digestive enzymes
■ Symbiotic : gram negative - rhizobium leguminosarum (on roots of leguminous
plants - fixes atm N2) - azotobacter, beijerinkca, Klebsiella (free livin aerobic N2
fixers) - clostridium pasteurianum (free living anaerobic N2 fixer).
■ Parasitic : from living organisms (host) - some pathogenic
● Respiration :
○ Obligate : aerobes (only aerobic - ex : bacillus subtilis) anaerobes (only anaerobic - ex :
clostridium botulinum)
○ Facultative : aerobes (can live in O2 also - chlorobium) anaerobes (can live anaerobically -
pseudomonas)
● 4 categories based on shape : coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod shaped), vibrio (comma shape),
spirillum (spiral)
○ Archaebacteria :
■ Harsh habitats - branched lipid chains
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