Summary Edexcel iGCSE Biology Revision notes (End of Year 10)
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Course
Biology
Institution
GCSE
I used this document in my GCSE revision and it helped me to achieve a Grade 8 in my final biology GCSE exam (edexcel igcse board). These notes are made based on the CGP GCSE guide.
HUMAN TRANSPORT
The transport system in humans is .
blood The 4 main components of blood are :
PLASMA RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS PLATELETS
plasma is a pale yellow liquid that transports oxygen from the lungs to When a blood vessel is
carries (just about everything that needs all the cells
. It is well adapted to damaged , platelets clump
transporting around your body : its function : together to plug the
1. Red they and damaged
·
and White blood cells and platelets are small have a biconcave are a
. Digested
2 food products (like grucose and shape to give a large surface area for ↳ this is known as blood
amimo acids) from the gut to all the absorbing and releasing oxygen . Blood clots stop you
clotting
body cens they don't have a nucleus +
frees up from losing too much blood
3 Carbon
.
dioxide from the body's cells space for more haemoglobin so they can and prevents microorganisms
to the Lungs carry more oxygen from entering the wound
4
. Urea from the liver to the Kidneys they contain naemoglobin , giving -
. Hormones (act
5 as chemical messengers blood its colour -
it contains a lot of iron
.
. Heat
6 energy In the lungs Maemoglobin reacts with oxygen
IMMUNE SYSTEM
to
reverse
become
happens to
. In body tissues
Oxynaemoglobin
release oxygen to the
the
cells WHITE
pathogens microorganisms that LYMPHOCYTES:
BLOOD
are cause
bacteria and
disease e g
. Certain types of every pathogen has an antigen (unique
.
viruses molecules on it's surface.
once pathogens have entered your body
, when a lymphocyte foreign anti-
CELLS
comes across a
they will rapidly reproduce unless they gen , they produce proteins called antibodies
. The
are destroyed -
the job of your immune antibodies are specific to the antigen and will
system and white blood cells is to only lock on to that specific antigen ; it also marks
the
destroy
two
the pathogens
main types of white blood cells
it out
antibodies
for destruction
are then produced
by other white blood
very rapidly
cells
.
and flow AND
are :
phagocytes and lymphocytes around the body to mark all other similar pathogens
Phagocytes
IMMU
memory cells are also produced in response to
phagocytes detect things that are 'foreign' a foreign antigen -
they stay in the body and remem
to the body pathogens They ber the antigen making it easier reproduce if the
i
.e
. . then en- to
gulf and digest them ; they are non-specific antigen returns -
this is why you usually have
, VACCINATION ARTERIES STRUCTURE OF
When you are infected with a new
artery walls
because the heart
are
pumps
strong
the
and elastic
blood out at high
THE HEART
·
pathogem ,
it can take your lympho-pressure
cytes while to anti- arteries expand
:**
a produce the can
bodies to deal with it
.
During that because of the elastic fibres
s
time one may get seriously ill or thick walls in comparison to the cumen
↓
,
even die (hole down the middle
·
↳ this
vaccinated
can be avoided by getting
diseases
they
due
are
the
strong 8
.
against some to thick layers of muscle
E
e .
g polio measles Covid etc . largest artery : the aorta
-
, ,
Vaccinations usually involve injecting
dead or inactive pathogens. They
CAPILLARIES -
still carry antigens despite the fact arteries branch into capillaries
S
that they are
harmless they
so capillaries are too small to see
trigger response (your
e
an immune they carry the blood close to every cell
S
Lymphocytes produce antibodies to to exchange substances with them
↓
attack them ( have permeable walls
then memory cells are still produced so substances can diffuse in and out &
O
will
·
and remain in the blood ,
so they supply food and oxygen and take
if you actually get the disease away waste like CO2 &
(your body encounters live pathogens) walls are only one cell thick
the antibodies needed to kill them this increases the rate of diffusion by decre-
E
will be produced much faster and asing the distance over which it
happens &
in greater
VEINS
numbers
. &
BLOOD capillaries join up to form veins &=
there are
VESSELS
3 types blood Vessel
walls
blood
aren't
is
as thick as artery walls 5
of : the at a lower pressure
1) Arteries they carry blood away bigger arteries
↓
-
·
lumen than
pressure
heart to help the blood flow despite lower +
from the the
&
2) Capillaries these are involved have valves
5 I
-
in the exchange of materials at to help keep the blood flowing in the right
-·
the Tissue direction
3) Veins-these carry the blood to ·
largest vein : vena cava
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