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NURS 331 EXAM 2 Questions With Verified
Answers.
Functions of the Lymph System - answer✔1. returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood
2. absorption of chyme (fatty substance c milky appearance) in lymph
3. defense against invading microorganisms (antigens); filters and destroys antigens through
WBC and antibodies
Antigen - answer✔substances on surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria; can also be toxins,
chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles
Lymph Nodes - answer✔small, round, or bean-shaped organs containing lymphocytes &
macrophages; filter foreign agents from the body and drains lymph fluid
Thymus Gland - answer✔located in lower neck and mediastinum of the chest; forms the T
lymphocytes/cells of the body
Bone Marrow - answer✔programs B lymphocytes/cells; found in iliac crest, sternum, and in
bone cavities
Spleen - answer✔primary site for filtering; located in LUQ of abdomen; contains white pulp and
red pulp; removal in children may lead to septicemia
White Pulp vs Red Pulp - answer✔White: tissue allows multiplication of T and B lymphocytes;
filters out and inactivates foriegn agents
Red: acts as blood resevoir; filters out damaged RBCs
Tonsils/Appendix - answer✔produce lymphocytes against foreign agents
White Blood Cells - answer✔originate in bone marrow from stem cells; principal cells involved
in the immune/infammatory response; has two types: granulocytes and agranulocytes
3 types of granulocytes - answer✔neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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Neutrophils - answer✔1st line of defense; migrate to die within 90 minutes and move into the
tissue; begin phagocytic activity with dead tissue and bacteria; life span is 24-48 hrs
Bands - answer✔immature neutrophils; excessive amounts in circulation is termed shift to the
left
Eosinophils - answer✔respond to stimuli generated in the course of an allergic reaction, they
detoxify and ingest antigen-antibody complexes before they can harm the body
Basophils - answer✔when they enter tissue they localized attach to or become mast cells;
mediate the IgE immune response and release enzymes, heparin, and histamine
Types of agranulocytes - answer✔lymphocytes and monocytes
Monocytes - answer✔largest WBC; migrate to insulted area within 24 hrs through chemotaxis;
once they migrate into the tissue they are termed macrophages; two types are macrophages and
dendrites
Macrophages - answer✔ingest antigens, process them, and present them to helper T cells which
begins cell-mediated immunity; role is to clean the area to begin healing; can fuse together and
form a multinucleated giant cell that is encapsulated by collagen, leading to the formation of a
granuloma
Dendrites (Antigen Presenting Cells) - answer✔present in tissues that are in contact with the
external environment; main function is to process antigen material, collect the antigen on its
branches, and then present it on the cell surface to the T cells and B cells where they initiate and
shape the adaptive immune response; they process antigens in 6-18 hours
Lymphocytes - answer✔small (T and B cells) and large (NK cells)
1st line of defense in the immune system (innate) - answer✔1. Skin: sloughing, moisture, normal
flora
2. Tears: lysosomes and mucous
3. Nasal passages: hair and mucous
4. Mouth: saliva and mucous
5. Lungs: mucous, cilia, coughing, sneezing
6. GI tract: acid, normal flora
7. Intestine: normal flora
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8. Bladder: one-way flow, flushing
9. Vagina: acid, normal flora
10. Seminal fluid: zinc
2nd line of defense in the immune system - answer✔1. Phagocytosis
2. Complement System (bacterial cascade)
3. Interferon (viral cascade)
4. Inflammation
Cardinal signs of inflammation - answer✔redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
3rd line of defense in immune system (acquired) - answer✔1. cell-mediated immunity
2. antibody-mediated immunity (humoral)
Cell Mediated Immunity: Primary Encounter - answer✔the presenting cells and T cells release
chemicals (interleukins, cytokines) that allows the cloning of T cells (helper, cytotoxic,
suppresser, and memory)
Helper T Cells - answer✔release cytokines and interleukins which stimulate activity of other
cells; help B cells to activate plasma cells which produce antibodies and immunoglobulins; help
neutrophils and monocytes be more phagocytic; help mast cells produce an inflammatory
response
Cytotoxic T cells - answer✔kill and destroy infected viral cells, cancer cells, and is responsible
for organ transplant rejection
Suppresser T cells - answer✔inhibit B cells
Memory T cells - answer✔remembers antigens for second encounter
Cell Mediated Immunity: Second Encounter - answer✔memory T cells have specific receptor
sites for an antigen and launch a rapid attack to destroy the foreigners
Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral) - answer✔B cells are responsible for the production of
antibodies that react with antigens; helper T cells secretes IL-2 which stimulate B cells to rapidly
divide and form clones
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Plasma B Cells - answer✔produce large quantities of antibodies (primary response), which are
transported in blood and lymph to the site of the infection where antigens are inactivated;
macrophages clean up the debris, suppressor T cells decrease the immune response
Memory B cells - answer✔Stored in lymphatic tissue until the same antigen enters the system
(secondary response) and launches a rapid attack
It takes the body ____________ days to produce initial immunity, and __________ days to begin
the secondary adaptive response. - answer✔7-10; 3-5
IgG antibodies - answer✔located in blood plasma; major antibody in primary and secondary
immune responses; inactivates antigens; neutralizes toxins; provides passive immunity ;
responsible for Rh reactions
IgA antibodies - answer✔located in saliva, mucus, tears, and breast milk; protects mucous
membranes on body surfaces; provides passive immunity
IgM antibodies - answer✔attached to B cells; released into plasma during immune response;
causes antigens to cluster together; responsible for transfusion reactions
IgD antibodies - answer✔attached to B cells; receptor sites for antigens on B cells; binding
activates B cells
IgE antibodies - answer✔located in mucous membranes and tonsils; binds to mast cells,
releasing histamine; responsible for allergic reactions
Natural Killer Cells - answer✔cell can self-destruct if infected; do not need activation by
antibodies to recognize and destroy an injured or infected cell; release perforin to act against a
large range of invaders
Perforin - answer✔released by NK cells; perforates the outer cell membrane and stimulates
apoptosis resulting in cellular suicide
Inflammation vs. Infection - answer✔inflammation: a reaction to cellular injury.
Infection: invasion of tissues or cells by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Inflammation is not the same as infection.
Can you have infection without inflammation?
