Laboratory Manual for
Anatomy & Physiology
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., Ph.D.
Holyoke Community College
Lori A. Smith, Ph.D.
American River College
,Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Compositor: SPi Global
Senior Courseware Portfolio Manager: Lauren Harp Interior & Cover Designer: Hespenheide Design
Managing Producer: Nancy Tabor Illustrators: Imagineering STA Media Services, Inc.
Content & Design Manager: Michele Mangelli, Mangelli Rights & Permissions Management: Ben Ferrini
Productions, LLC Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger
Courseware Editorial Assistant: Lidia Bayne Product Marketing Manager: Wendy Mears
Production Supervisor: David Novak Director of Product Marketing, Science: Allison Rona
Proofreader: Martha Ghent Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo
Cover Photo Credit: Jacek Chabraszewski/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. All
Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright,
and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in
a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts
within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department.
Acknowledgements of third-party content appear on page 373, which constitutes an extension of this
copyright page.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the
property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade
dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any
sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such
marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors,
licensees or distributors.
The Author and Publisher believe that the lab experiments described in this publication, when conducted
in conformity with the safety precautions described herein and according to the school’s laboratory safety
procedures, are reasonably safe for the students to whom this lab manual is directed. Nonetheless, many of
the described experiments are accompanied by some degree of risk, including human error, the failure or
misuse of laboratory or electrical equipment, mismeasurement, spills of chemicals, and exposure to sharp
objects, heat, bodily fluids, blood, or other biologics. The Author and Publisher disclaim any liability
arising from such risks in connection with any of the experiments contained in this manual. If students
have any questions or problems with materials, procedures, or instructions on any experiment, they should
always ask their instructor for help before proceeding.
www.pearson.com ISBN-10: 0-13-516802-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-516802-8
, Contents iii
Contents
THE HUMAN BODY: ORIENTATION 3 Examining Muscle Tissue Under the
Microscope 47
4 Examining Nervous Tissue Under the
1 The Language of Anatomy 1 Microscope 49
1 Locating Body Landmarks 1 5 Constructing a Concept Map of the Tissues 50
2 Practicing Using Correct Anatomical Review Sheet 51
Terminology 3
3 Observing Sectioned Specimens 4
4 Locating Abdominopelvic Surface Regions 6 6 The Integumentary System 55
1 Locating Structures on a Skin Model 56
Review Sheet 7
2 Visualizing Changes in Skin Color Due to
Continuous External Pressure 57
2 Organ Systems Overview 9 3 Viewing Two Types of Pressure Receptors
1 Studying the Organ Systems of the Microscopically 58
Body and Their Functions 9 4 Determining the Two-Point Threshold 58
Dissection Rat Dissection and/or Observation 9 5 Testing Tactile Localization 58
2 Observing External Structures 11 6 Demonstrating Adaptation of Touch
3 Examining the Mouth (Oral Cavity) 11 Receptors 59
4 Opening the Ventral Body Cavity 11 7 Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands 59
5 Examining the Ventral Body Cavity 12 8 Examining a Skin Slide 61
6 Examining the Human Torso Model 15 9 Identifying Nail Structures 62
Review Sheet 17 Review Sheet 63
THE CELL THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
3 The Cell—Anatomy and Division 19 7 Overview of the Skeleton 67
1 Identifying Parts of a Cell 19 1 Examining and Classifying Bones 70
2 Identifying Components of a Plasma 2 Examining a Long Bone 70
Membrane 20
3 Comparing the Relative Contributions of Bone
3 Locating Organelles 21 Salts and Collagen Fibers in Bone Matrix 71
4 Examining the Cell Model 21 4 Examining the Effects of Heat and Nitric Acid on
5 Observing Differences and Similarities in Cell Bones 71
Structure 22 5 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact
6 Identifying the Mitotic Stages 24 Bone 72
7 Creating Mitotic Figures 24 Review Sheet 75
Review Sheet 25
8 The Axial Skeleton 79
4 Cell Membrane Transport 1 Identifying the Bones of the Adult Skull 79
Mechanisms 29 2 Palpating Skull Markings 83
1 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through Agar Gel 30 3 Examining Spinal Curvatures 85
2 Observing Diffusion Through Nonliving 4 Palpating the Spinous Processes 86
Membranes 31 5 Examining Vertebral Structure 87
3 Investigating Diffusion Through Living 6 Examining the Relationship Between Ribs and
Membranes 33 Vertebrae 88
4 Observing the Process of Filtration 33 Review Sheet 89
Review Sheet 35
BASIC TISSUES AND THE SKIN
9 The Appendicular Skeleton 95
1 Examining and Identifying Bones of the
Appendicular Skeleton 95
5 Classification of Tissues 37 2 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral
Girdle and the Upper Limb 98
1 Examining Epithelial Tissue Under the
Microscope 42 3 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pelvic
2 Examining Connective Tissue Under the Girdle 99
Microscope 42 4 Comparing Male and Female Pelves 101
iii
,iv Contents
5 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Lower 3 Tracing the Pathway of Cerebrospinal Fluid in the
Limb 104 Brain 168
6 Constructing a Skeleton 104 4 Identifying and Testing the Cranial Nerves 171
Review Sheet 105 Dissection The Sheep Brain 171
Review Sheet 175
10 Joints and Body Movements 109
1 Identifying Fibrous Joints 109 15 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 181
2 Identifying Cartilaginous Joints 109 1 Identifying Structures of the Spinal Cord 181
3 Examining Synovial Joint Structure 110 Dissection Spinal Cord 182
4 Demonstrating the Importance of Friction- 2 Identifying the Major Nerve Plexuses and
Reducing Structures 112 Peripheral Nerves 186
5 Identifying Types of Synovial Joints 112 Review Sheet 187
6 Demonstrating Movements of Synovial
Joints 113
7 Demonstrating Uniaxial, Biaxial, and Multiaxial
16 Human Reflex Physiology 189
1 Initiating Stretch Reflexes 190
Movements 116
2 Initiating the Plantar Reflex 191
Review Sheet 117
3 Initiating the Corneal Reflex 192
4 Initiating the Gag Reflex 192
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 5 Initiating Pupillary Reflexes 192
Review Sheet 193
11 Microscopic Anatomy and Organization
of Skeletal Muscle 121
1 Examining Skeletal Muscle Cell Anatomy 123
17 The Special Senses 195
1 Identifying Accessory Eye Structures 197
2 Observing Muscle Fiber Contraction 123 2 Identifying Internal Structures of the Eye 198
3 Observing the Structure of a Skeletal Muscle 124 Dissection The Cow (Sheep) Eye 199
4 Studying the Structure of a Neuromuscular 3 Demonstrating the Blind Spot 200
Junction 126
4 Determining Near Point of Vision 201
Review Sheet 127
5 Testing Visual Acuity 201
6 Testing for Astigmatism 202
12 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular
7 Testing for Color Blindness 202
System 131
8 Demonstrating Reflex Activity of Intrinsic and
1 Identifying Head and Neck Muscles 131 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 202
2 Identifying Muscles of the Trunk 136 9 Identifying Structures of the Ear 203
3 Demonstrating Operation of Trunk Muscles 136 10 Examining the Ear with an Otoscope
4 Identifying Muscles of the Upper Limb 138 (Optional) 204
5 Identifying Muscles of the Hip and Lower 11 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Limb 140 Cochlea 205
6 Palpating Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb 142 12 Conducting Laboratory Tests of Hearing 205
7 Making a Muscle Painting 142 13 Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium 208
Review Sheet 145 14 Identification of Papillae on the Tongue 210
15 Stimulating Taste Buds 211
REGULATORY SYSTEMS: NEURAL 16 Examining the Combined Effects of Smell, Texture,
and Temperature on Taste 211
AND ENDOCRINE Review Sheet 213
13 Neuron Anatomy and Physiology 151
18 Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine
1 Identifying Parts of a Neuron 153
Glands 221
2 Examining the Microscopic Structure of a
1 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Nerve 157
Thyroid Gland 223
Review Sheet 159
2 Palpating the Thyroid Gland 223
3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
14 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Pancreas to Identify Alpha and Beta Cells 225
Nerves 163 4 Observing the Effects of Hyperinsulinism 225
1 Identifying External Brain Structures 163 5 Identifying the Endocrine Organs 226
2 Identifying Internal Brain Structures 167 Review Sheet 227
, Contents v
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 4 Examining Prepared Slides of Trachea and Lung
Tissue 296
Review Sheet 297
19 Blood 231
1 Determining the Physical Characteristics of
Plasma 232 24 Respiratory System Physiology 301
2 Examining the Formed Elements of Blood 1 Operating the Model Lung 301
Microscopically 232 2 Measuring Respiratory Volumes 303
3 Determining the Hematocrit 234 3 Visualizing Respiratory Variations 305
4 Determining Hemoglobin Concentration 235 Review Sheet 307
5 Determining Coagulation Time 237
6 Typing for ABO and Rh Blood Groups 238 OTHER MAJOR SYSTEMS
Review Sheet 241
25 Functional Anatomy of the Digestive
20 Anatomy of the Heart 245 System 311
1 Using the Heart Model to Study Heart 1 Observing the Histological Structure of the
Anatomy 248 Alimentary Canal Wall 314
2 Tracing the Path of Blood Through the Heart 249 2 Identifying Alimentary Canal Organs 314
3 Examining Cardiac Muscle Cells 250 3 Examining the Villus Model 317
Dissection The Sheep Heart 250 4 Identifying Types of Teeth 318
Review Sheet 253 5 Studying Internal Tooth Anatomy 319
6 Locating the Salivary Glands 320
21 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 257 7 Examining the Histology of Salivary Gland
Tissue 320
1 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Arteries
and Veins 259 8 Locating the Liver, Pancreas, and Associated
2 Locating Arteries on an Anatomical Chart or Structures 320
Model 264 9 Examining the Histology of the Liver 320
3 Identifying the Systemic Veins 267 10 Assessing Protein Digestion by Trypsin 322
4 Identifying Vessels of the Pulmonary 11 Demonstrating the Action of Bile on Fats 323
Circulation 267 12 Observing Movements and Sounds of
5 Tracing the Hepatic Portal Circulation 269 Digestion 323
6 Tracing the Arterial Supply of the Brain 269 13 Viewing Segmental and Peristaltic
Review Sheet 271 Movements 324
Review Sheet 325
22 Human Cardiovascular Physiology—
Blood Pressure and Pulse 26 Functional Anatomy of the Urinary
Determinations 277 System 331
1 Auscultating Heart Sounds 279 1 Identifying Urinary System Organs 331
2 Palpating Superficial Pulse Points 280 Dissection Gross Internal Anatomy of the Pig or
Sheep Kidney 333
3 Taking an Apical Pulse 280
2 Studying Nephron Structure 334
4 Using a Sphygmomanometer to Measure Arterial
Blood Pressure Indirectly 281 3 Analyzing Urine Samples 337
5 Observing the Effect of Various Factors on Blood Review Sheet 339
Pressure and Heart Rate 282
6 Examining the Effect of Local Chemical and
Physical Factors on Skin Color 284
27 Anatomy of the Reproductive
System 343
Review Sheet 287 1 Identifying Male Reproductive Organs 343
2 Viewing Sperm Microscopically 345
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 3 Identifying Female Reproductive Organs 346
4 Conducting a Microscopic Study of the Ovary 349
23 Anatomy of the Respiratory Review Sheet 351
System 291
1 Identifying the Upper Respiratory System Histology Atlas 355
Organs 291 Appendix A: The Microscope 365
2 Identifying the Lower Respiratory System
Organs 294 Credits 373
3 Demonstrating Lung Inflation in a Sheep Pluck 296 Index 375
,Preface
S
tudents in two-semester allied health–related programs activity and review sheet questions, and information on labo-
typically encounter a fast-paced anatomy and physiol- ratory supply houses.
ogy course that leaves little time for leisurely learning.
These students are intently focused on achieving their goals, For information on creating a custom version of this man-
which requires a course that includes a brief, hands-on labora- ual, visit www.pearsonhighered.com/collections/, or contact
tory experience to flesh-out and clarify the lecture sessions. your Pearson representative for details.
This challenge is what provided the impetus for developing
this concise laboratory manual.
New to the Seventh Edition:
Basic Pedagogical Approach Highlights
The Seventh Edition offers a variety of experiments to give • Dozens of new, full-color illustrations, and photos
the instructor the flexibility to choose which will best supple- replace many black and white line drawings to help students
ment what is being taught in lecture. This manual is a stand- differentiate among structures and more easily interpret dia-
alone resource that can complement any textbook. Because grams.
each experiment is preceded by pertinent background in- • New Clinical Application Questions have been added
formation, students will not find it necessary to carry their to the Exercise Review Sheets to challenge students to apply
textbooks to the lab. lab concepts and critical thinking skills to real-world clinical
Although length and content have been rigorously con- scenarios.
trolled, the 27 exercises in this manual still provide fairly
complete coverage of the routine topics of human anatomy
• Improved Interior design incorporates more saturated
colors in headings and exercise tabs to improve readability.
and physiology.
For instructors who wish their students to have experi- • Content and illustration updates have been made
ence using a microscope, this manual also includes a com- throughout the Seventh Edition. Please contact your Pearson
plete exercise on its use and care (see Appendix A). representative for more details.
Pedagogy and Special Features Also Available
1. The art and photo program includes tissue tables with • The Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook, Twelfth
photomicrographs, realistic muscle art, and large illustrations Edition by Elaine Marieb and Simone Brito. (0-13-445936-9)
that highlight and differentiate important structures and help
students recognize important relationships between struc-
• The Anatomy Coloring Book, Fourth Edition by Wynn
Kapit and Lawrence Elson. (0-321-83201-9)
ture and function. Photographs supplement the art to show
isolated organ specimens for dissection and observation. • The Physiology Coloring Book, Second Edition by Wynn
Kapit, Robert Macey, and Esmail Meisami. (0-321-03663-8)
2. Each exercise is preceded by a list of materials needed for
conducting the laboratory, followed by learning outcomes, • MasteringA&PTM for Anatomy & Physiology, Seventh
summaries of key concepts, step-by-step instructions, and Edition is highly recommended. Mastering is the most effec-
efficient tear-out review sheets that can be used for pre-lab or tive and widely used online homework, tutorial, and assess-
post-lab review. ment system for the sciences. To learn more, ask your Pearson
3. Body structures are studied from simple to complex. representative for details or a demo.
Histology lessons will be expedited by slides set up by the
instructor at demonstration areas for student viewing, so stu-
dents do not have to spend time trying to find the “right” sec- Acknowledgments
tion. These, along with physiology experiments (written to be
conducted in limited time periods and with inexpensive, widely Many thanks to the Pearson Education product team: Lauren
available equipment and supplies) allow ample opportunity for Harp, Senior Acquisitions Editor and Wendy Mears, Marketing
student observation, manipulation, and experimentation. Manager. Kudos as usual to Mangelli Productions and to
David Novak, our production supervisor for this project.
4. All exercises involving body fluids (blood, saliva, As always, we invite users of this edition to send us their
etc.) incorporate current Centers for Disease Control and comments and suggestions for subsequent editions.
Prevention guidelines for handling body fluids. A safety icon
alerts students to observe special precautions. Elaine N. Marieb and Lori A. Smith
5. An Instructor’s Guide is available to instructors upon Pearson Education, Anatomy and Physiology
request (0-13-520203-5). This Guide contains answers to 50 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94111
vi
, EXERCISE
1
The Language
of Anatomy
Materials Learning Outcomes
● Human torso model (dissectible) □ Describe the anatomical position verbally or by demonstrating it.
● Human skeleton □ Demonstrate proficiency in using terms describing body
● Scalpel landmarks, directions, planes, and surfaces.
● Demonstration area:
□ Name the body cavities, and indicate important organs in each
Station 1: Sectioned and labeled kidneys
(three separate kidneys uncut or cut so cavity.
that (a) entire, (b) transverse, and
(c) median sectional views are visible)
Station 2: Gelatin-spaghetti molds
M
ost of us are naturally curious about our bodies. This curiosity is apparent
even in infants, who are fascinated with their own waving hands or their
mother’s nose. Unlike the infant, however, an anatomy student must
learn to identify body structures formally.
This exercise presents some of the most important anatomical terms you will
be using to describe the body and introduces you to gross anatomy, the study of
body structures you can see with your naked eye.
Anatomical Position
When anatomists or doctors refer to specific areas of the human body, they do so
relative to a standard position called the anatomical position. In the anatomical
position, the human body is erect, with head and toes pointed forward and arms
hanging at the sides with palms facing forward (Figure 1.1a).
□ Assume the anatomical position. Notice that it is not particularly comfortable
because you must hold your hands unnaturally forward.
Surface Anatomy
The body is divided into two main regions, the axial and appendicular regions.
The axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk; it runs along the vertical
axis of the body. The appendicular region includes the limbs, which are also
called the appendages or extremities. The body is also divided up into smaller
regions within those two main divisions. Several of these are described on the
following pages.
Activity 1
Locating Body Landmarks
Anterior Body Landmarks
Identify and use anatomical terms to correctly label the following regions
in Figure 1.1a:
Abdominal: Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
Acromial: Point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: Forearm
Text continues on next page. ➔
1
, 2 Exercise 1
1
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(a) Anterior/Ventral (b) Posterior/Dorsal
Figure 1.1 Surface anatomy.
Antecubital: Anterior surface of the elbow Mammary: Breast
Axillary: Armpit Manus: Hand
Brachial: Arm Nasal: Nose
Buccal: Cheek Oral: Mouth
Carpal: Wrist Orbital: Bony eye socket (orbit)
Cervical: Neck Patellar: Kneecap
Coxal: Hip Pelvic: Pelvis
Crural: Leg (lower portion of the lower limb) Pollex: Thumb
Digital: Fingers or toes Pubic: Genital
Femoral: Thigh Sternal: Breastbone
Fibular: Side of the leg Tarsal: Ankle
Hallux: Great toe Thoracic: Chest
Inguinal: Groin Umbilical: Navel
, The Language of Anatomy 3
Posterior Body Landmarks Lumbar: Lower back
Identify and appropriately label the following body sur- Occipital: Back of the head
face regions in Figure 1.1b: Olecranal: Back of the elbow
Brachial: Arm (upper portion of the upper limb) Otic: Ear
Calcaneal: Heel of the foot Popliteal: Back of the knee
Cephalic: Head Sacral: Posterior region between the hip bones
Cervical: Neck Scapular: Shoulder blade
Femoral: Thigh 1
Sural: Calf
Fibular: Side of the leg
Vertebral: Spine
Gluteal: Buttocks
Body Orientation and Direction
Study the terms below, referring to Figure 1.2 as a visual aid. midline (which is the spine in humans). Lateral structures are
farther away from the midline.
Superior/inferior (above/below): These terms refer to the
location of a structure along the long axis of the body. For The terms described above assume the person is in the
example, the nose is superior to the mouth. anatomical position. The next four pairs of terms are more ab-
Anterior/posterior (front/back): In humans, the most an- solute. They do not relate to a particular body position, and they
terior structures are those that are most forward—the face, have the same meaning in humans and four-legged animals.
chest, and abdomen. Posterior structures are those toward the Cephalad/caudal (toward the head/toward the tail): In hu-
backside of the body. mans, these terms are used interchangeably with superior and
Medial/lateral (toward the midline/away from the midline inferior. But in four-legged animals, they are synonyms of
or median plane): Medial structures are closer to the body anterior and posterior, respectively.
Ventral/dorsal (belly side/backside): In humans, the terms
ventral and dorsal are used interchangeably with the terms
Superior anterior and posterior, but in four-legged animals, ven-
(cephalad) tral and dorsal are synonymous with inferior and superior,
respectively.
Proximal/distal (nearer the trunk or attached end/farther
from the trunk or point of attachment): These terms locate
various areas along the body limbs or an elongated organ,
such as the intestine. For example, the fingers are distal to
the elbow; the knee is proximal to the toes. Note: The terms
Posterior Anterior proximal and distal would not be used to describe the rela-
(dorsal) (ventral) tionship of two structures in the torso.
Superficial/deep (toward or at the body surface/away from
the body surface or more internal): For example, the skin is
superficial to the skeletal muscles.
Proximal
Activity 2
Practicing Using Correct
Anatomical Terminology
Use a human torso model, a skeleton, or your own body to
specify the relationship between the following structures.
1. The wrist is _______________ to the hand.
Inferior 2. The trachea (windpipe) is _______________ to the spine.
Distal
(caudal)
3. The brain is _______________ to the spinal cord.
4. The kidneys are _______________ to the liver.
Figure 1.2 Anatomical terminology describing body 5. The nose is _______________ to the cheekbones.
orientation and direction in a human. 6. The chest is _______________ to the abdomen.
, 4 Exercise 1
1
(a) Median (midsagittal) plane (b) Frontal (coronal) plane (c) Transverse plane
Figure 1.3 Planes of the body.
Body Planes and Sections
The body is three-dimensional. So, in order to observe its inter- 4. Draw the appearance of each of these spaghetti
nal parts, it helps to make use of a section, or cut made along an sections below, and verify the accuracy of your section
imaginary surface or line called a plane. A section is named for identifications with your instructor.
the plane along which it is cut. There are three planes of space
(Figure 1.3), or sections, that lie at right angles to one another.
Sagittal plane: A plane that runs lengthwise or longitudi-
nally down the length of the body, dividing it into right and
left parts, is a sagittal plane. If it divides the body into equal
Transverse section Median section
parts, right down the median plane of the body, it is called a
median, or midsagittal, plane.
Frontal (coronal) plane: A longitudinal plane that divides
the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts. Longitudinal Transverse
Transverse plane: A plane that runs horizontally, dividing sections sections
the body into superior and inferior parts. These sections are
also commonly called cross sections.
A sagittal or frontal section of any nonspherical object,
be it a banana or a body organ, provides quite a different view
from a transverse section (Figure 1.4).
Activity 3
(a)
Observing Sectioned Specimens
1. Go to the demonstration area, and observe the entire
(uncut) and transversely and longitudinally cut kidneys
at station 1.
2. After completing step 1, obtain a gelatin-spaghetti mold
and a scalpel and bring them to your laboratory bench.
3. Cut through the gelatin-spaghetti mold along any (b)
plane, and examine the cut surfaces. You should see
spaghetti strands that have been cut transversely (XS)
and longitudinally (a median section). Figure 1.4 Comparison of longitudinal and transverse
sections. Sections of (a) a banana and (b) the small intestine.
