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CE 442 Test 2 With Complete Solutions
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CE 442 Test 2 With Complete Solutions
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
CE 442 Test 2 With Complete Solutions
In a lumped model, a basin that is half urban and half forested will have runoff guidance (perhaps expressed as the NRCS
curve number) based on which of the following? ANS✔✔ One value for the whole basin that is an average of the urban
and forested values
Even though the mean areal precipitation (MAP) might actually do a good job of representing the average precipitation
that fell on the basin, in which cases might a distributed model do a better job of simulating the response?
Choose all that apply. ANS✔✔ *When the storm is small compared to the size of the watershed
*When there is a high degree of spatial variability in the storm
In general, lumped models and distributed models work in a similar fashion, in that both modeling approaches must
determine the fate of the precipitation at the end of each time step.
Choose the best answer. ANS✔✔ True
A common method of assigning flow directions to grid cells is by directing it to _____. ANS✔✔ the grid cell with the
greatest downslope gradient
There is no lumping or averaging of descriptive parameters in a distributed model. ANS✔✔ False
Which characteristics of distributed models make them different from lumped models? ANS✔✔ *They require more
input data.
*They tend to use physically-based approaches.
Distributed model output is most appropriate for which of the following forecast scenarios? ANS✔✔ *Flash flood events
*Point forecasts within the basin
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
Distributed hydrologic models tend to perform well on runoff events that are dominated by sub-surface flow. ANS✔✔
False
In which of the following situations might a distributed model perform least effectively? ANS✔✔ Correctly estimating
subsurface flow
Where does the excess precipitation in the grid cell of a distributed model come from? ANS✔✔ *It comes from
upstream cells.
*It is generated in that cell.
The St. Venant equations can be used for which important functions of a distributed hydrologic model? ANS✔✔
*Overland flow
*Channel routing
Distributed hydrologic models tend to avoid using physically-based methods and equations. ANS✔✔ False
The 2010 version of the NWS Distributed Hydrologic Model uses a modified version of the SAC-SMA model for the
primary rainfall/runoff routine. ANS✔✔ True
Which of the following describe significant advancements in the SAC-HT model used for rainfall/runoff? ANS✔✔
*Conversion of water depths in conceptual storage zones to water contents in physical soil layers
*The ability to derive a priori parameters from soil and land-use data
As of 2010, the NWS Distributed Hydrologic Model applies the SNOW-17 model to each grid within the basin. ANS✔✔
True
Choose the situations below in which a distributed modeling technique might provide improved flow forecast
information. ANS✔✔ *Moving storms within a basin
*Small intense storms that are dominated by surface runoff
*A small, non-homogeneous basin
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