BIO 192 NAU Final
What is threshold - ✔️✔️the DIFFERENCE where the integrator decides the variation
between the action value and the set point is too big
What 2 variables regulate homeostasis? - ✔️✔️glucose levels, blood pressure
What is Type 1 diabetes? - ✔️✔️the body/beta cells does not PRODUCE insulin
What is Type 2 diabetes? - ✔️✔️the body does not RESPOND to insulin, a cure is
exercise
Homeostasis - ✔️✔️maintenance of an internal state
What are the 3 parts of a Negative Feedback Loop? - ✔️✔️sensor, integrator, effector
What is error signal - ✔️✔️the DEVIATION between the action value and the set point
What are things that take us out of homeostasis? - ✔️✔️exercise, injury, disease, etc.
what changes set point - ✔️✔️pregnancy, endurance exercise
what is steady-state - ✔️✔️constant over a period of time even as you exercise
why does the body use the negative feedback loop - ✔️✔️to get back to homeostasis
when/after we work out/get stressed
endocrine system consists of what - ✔️✔️hormones and glands, transported through
the blood stream
nervous system does what - ✔️✔️transports messages through nerves
what is bioenergetics? - ✔️✔️converting food into energy
what are the types of energy - ✔️✔️kinetic, potential, heat, work
what is the 1st law of thermodynamics - ✔️✔️all forms of energy are interchangeable
what is the "biological currency" of the cell - ✔️✔️ATP
what is ATP broken down to - ✔️✔️ADP and Pi
, what makes up a carbohydrate - ✔️✔️carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
how many calories is one carb - ✔️✔️4 k/cal
what is the storage form of carbs in animals - ✔️✔️glycogen
what is glycogenolysis - ✔️✔️the break down of glycogen to have glucose in our blood
what is the storage form of carbs in plants - ✔️✔️starch
what are fats made up of - ✔️✔️hydrogen, carbon
what are fats energy yield - ✔️✔️9 k/cal
types of fat - ✔️✔️fatty acid, triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods
what is protein made up of - ✔️✔️nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what are the 3 energy systems to replenish ATP - ✔️✔️phosphagen, glycolytic,
oxidative
glycolysis - ✔️✔️occurs in cytoplasm, 30seconds-2 minutes, energy investment phase
during glycolysis anaerobic pathway, what are the 3 fates of lactate -
✔️✔️mitochondria, blood stream, liver
oxidative system - ✔️✔️takes place in mitochondria, aerobic, lasts longer than 3
minutes, for low intensity activities,
what are the 3 types of muscle - ✔️✔️cardiac, skeletal, smooth
cardiac - ✔️✔️has striations, single nuclei, is involuntary
skeletal - ✔️✔️has striations, multiple nuclei, is voluntary
smooth - ✔️✔️no striations, single nuclei, is involuntary
central nervous system consists of - ✔️✔️brain, spinal cord
peripheral nervous system consists of - ✔️✔️afferent, efferent
what is a fasicle - ✔️✔️a group of muscle cells
