100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Solution Manual For Automotive Technology, A Systems Approach, 4th Canadian Edition by Erjavec, ISBN: 9780176796174, All 55 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition $20.49   Add to cart

Other

Solution Manual For Automotive Technology, A Systems Approach, 4th Canadian Edition by Erjavec, ISBN: 9780176796174, All 55 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition

 23 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Automotive Technology by Erjavec, 4th Edition
  • Institution
  • Automotive Technology By Erjavec, 4th Edition

Solution Manual For Automotive Technology, A Systems Approach, 4th Canadian Edition by Erjavec, ISBN: 9780176796174, All 55 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition Solution Manual For Automotive Technology, A Systems Approach, 4th Canadian Edition by Erjavec, ISBN: 9780176796174, All 55 Chapte...

[Show more]

Preview 10 out of 251  pages

  • October 16, 2024
  • 251
  • 2024/2025
  • Other
  • Unknown
book image

Book Title:

Author(s):

  • Edition:
  • ISBN:
  • Edition:
  • Automotive Technology by Erjavec, 4th Edition
  • Automotive Technology by Erjavec, 4th Edition
avatar-seller
TestBanksStuvia
012343256797 33027403 7



!"
#
$%&# &$
&'()*)(+,-$!-./0)1)234$&$
35(-*5$&667)8./4$
9(/$:808;+80$<;+(+)0$=3$>8.?$<7@8,-.$
:/86(-7$A$()$BB$:),-7-;$
$







,
012343256797 33027403 7


!"#$"%#&'!&'(""
)
*+,-./0123)*4)-/32235)67)1.2)891:;:16<2)=7>9513?)
@+,-./0123)@4)A:3B0C/D2)EB6CC5)
F+,-./0123)F4)A:3B67G)E/H2C?)67)1.2)E.:0)
I+,-./0123)I4)891:;:16<2)E?512;5)
J+,-./0123)J4)K/7>)L::C5)/7>)E.:0)MN960;271)
O+,-./0123)O4)P6/G7:516D)MN960;271)/7>)E02D6/C)L::C5)
Q+,-./0123)Q4)R/56D)L.2:3625)/7>)S/1.)
T+,-./0123)T4)U32<2716<2)S/67127/7D2)/7>)R/56D)E23<6D25))
V+,-./0123)V4)891:;:16<2)M7G672)P256G75)/7>)P6/G7:565)
*W+,-./0123)*W4)M7G672)P65/552;XC?)
**+,-./0123)**4)Y:Z23)M7>)L.2:3?)/7>)E23<6D2)
*@+,-./0123)*@4)[0023)M7>)L.2:3?)/7>)E23<6D2)
*F+,-./0123)*F4)M7G672)E2/C67G)/7>)\2/552;XC?)
*I+,-./0123)*I4)Y9X36D/167G)/7>)-::C67G)E?512;5)
*J+,-./0123)*J4)R/56D5):H)MC2D136D/C)E?512;5)
*O+,-./0123)*O4)R/56D5):H)MC2D13:76D5)/7>)-:;09123)E?512;5)
*Q+,-./0123)*Q4)]2723/C)MC2D136D/C)E?512;)P6/G7:516D5)/7>)E23<6D2)
*T+,-./0123)*T4)R/11236254)L.2:3?^)P6/G7:565^)/7>)E23<6D2)
*V+,-./0123)*V4)E1/3167G)E?512;5)
@W+,-./0123)@W4)-./3G67G)E?512;5)
@*+,-./0123)@*4)Y6G.167G)E?512;5)
@@+,-./0123)@@4)=75139;271/16:7)/7>)=7H:3;/16:7)P650C/?5)
@F+,-./0123)@F4)MC2D136D/C)8DD255:3625)
@I+,-./0123)@I4)\2513/671)E?512;54)L.2:3?^)P6/G7:565^)/7>)E23<6D2)
@J+,-./0123)@J4)=G7616:7)E?512;5)
@O+,-./0123)@O4)=G7616:7)E?512;)P6/G7:565)/7>)E23<6D2)
@Q+,-./0123)@Q4)]/5:C672^)P6252C^)/7>)_1.23)`92C5)
@T+,-./0123)@T4)`92C)P2C6<23?)E?512;5)
@V+,-./0123)@V4)MC2D13:76D)`92C)=7a2D16:7)
FW+,-./0123)FW4)`92C)=7a2D16:7)E?512;)P6/G7:565)/7>)E23<6D2)
F*+,-./0123)F*4)M7G672)U23H:3;/7D2)E?512;5)
F@+,-./0123)F@4)P21/6C2>)P6/G7:565)/7>)E275:35)



,
012343256797 33027403 7



!"#$%&'

(')*$"+%'"*,'-.!"/0$'120$%30'

4
!"#$%&'
4('-350056*'6*$&67'120$%30'

8
!"#$%&'
8('-350056*'6*$&67'95":*6050'"*,'1%&;5<%'

=
!"#$%&'
=('>2?&5,'@%!5<7%0'

A
!"#$%&'
A('-7%<$&5<'@%!5<7%0'

B
!"#$%&'
B('7/$<!%0'

C
!"#$%&'
C('D"*/"7'E&"*0350056*0'"*,'E&"*0".7%0'
4F
!"#$%&'4F('D"*/"7'E&"*0350056*GE&"*0".7%'1%&;5<%'
4H
!"#$%&'4H('9&5;%'I.7%0'"*,'95JJ%&%*$5"70'
4K
!"#$%&'4K('I/$63"$5<'E&"*0350056*0'"*,'E&"*0".7%0'
4

!"#$%&'4
('-7%<$&6*5<'I/$63"$5<'E&"*0350056*0'
44
!"#$%&'44('I/$63"$5<'E&"*0350056*'"*,'E&"*0".7%'1%&;5<%'
48
!"#$%&'48('L6/&M'"*,'I77MN!%%7'9&5;%'
4=
!"#$%&'4=('E5&%0'"*,'N!%%70'
4A
!"#$%&'4A('1/0#%*056*'120$%30'
4B
!"#$%&'4B('1$%%&5*:'120$%30'
4C
!"#$%&'4C('N!%%7'I75:*3%*$'
8F
!"#$%&'8F('O&"+%'120$%30'
8H
!"#$%&'8H('9&/3'O&"+%0'
8K
!"#$%&'8K('950<'O&"+%0'
8

!"#$%&'8
('I*$576<+'O&"+%P'E&"<$56*'6*$&67P'"*,'1$"?575$2'6*$&67'120$%30'
84
!"#$%&'84('>%"$5*:'"*,'I5&'6*,5$56*5*:'
88
!"#$%&'88('>%"$5*:'"*,'I5&M6*,5$56*5*:'95":*6050'"*,'1%&;5<%'
' '







, 012343256797 33027403 7







!"#$%$

&'((')$*+$,-($.,/0/,*1($2+3.),'4$


!"#$56"#62"7$
89:;
<9=>?@A
@B=C:D@;
?9@
=E?FCF?:G@
:DHE;?AI
?FH=I
=DH
>F:D?;
FE?
?9@
<9=DJ@;
?9=?
=A@
F<<EAA:DJK

LAFM@;;:FD=N
;@AG:<@
>AFG:H@H
OI
=
>AF>@ANI
?A=:D@H
?@<9D:<:=D
:;
<A:?:<=N
O@<=E;@
FM
?9@
?@<9DFNFJI

PQRSTUVTWXSYZ[QT\R]U^_RQT̀aTSRWYU_RSTSRQ^bUcWUXVTUQTdU\RVTXeTf]YWTUWTWYgRQTWXThRTYTcbXeRQQUXVY_T
?@<9D:<:=DK
iD<NEH@H
=A@
H@;<A:>?:FD;
FM
<=A@@A
F>>FA?ED:?:@;j
kFO
<N=;;:M:<=?:FD;j
=DH
?9@
G=A:FE;

=E?FCF?:G@
@HE<=?:FD
>AFJA=C;
?9=?
=A@
=G=:N=ON@
:D
l=D=H=K
mE?FCF?:G@
n@AG:<@
8@<9D:<:=D

iD?@A>AFG:D<:=N
n?=DH=AH;
=DH
mno
<@A?:M:<=?:FD
A@pE:A@C@D?;
=A@
=N;F
>AFG:H@HK



q"#r2rs$5t!
5u"v$
wxy@;<A:O@
?9@
A@=;FD;
z9I
WXSYZ[Q
=E?FCF?:G@
:DHE;?AI
:;
<FD;:H@A@H
=
JNFO=N
:DHE;?AIK

wxoB>N=:D
9Fz
<FC>E?@A
?@<9DFNFJI
9=;
<9=DJ@H
?9@
z=I
G@9:<N@;
=A@
OE:N?
=DH
;@AG:<@HK

wxoB>N=:D
z9I
?9@
D@@H
MFA
pE=N:M:@H
=E?FCF?:G@
?@<9D:<:=D;
:;
:D<A@=;:DJK

wxy@;<A:O@
?9@
C=kFA
?I>@;
FM
OE;:D@;;@;
?9=?
@C>NFI
=E?FCF?:G@
?@<9D:<:=D;K

wx{:;?
;FC@
FM
?9@
C=DI
kFO
F>>FA?ED:?:@;
=G=:N=ON@
?F
>@F>N@
z:?9
=
O=<|JAFEDH
:D
=E?FCF?:G@

?@<9DFNFJIK

wxy@;<A:O@
?9@
H:MM@A@D?
z=I;
=
;?EH@D?
<=D
J=:D
zFA|
@B>@A:@D<@
z9:N@
=??@DH:DJ
<N=;;@;K

wxy@;<A:O@
?9@
A@pE:A@C@D?;
MFA
}@H
n@=N
<@A?:M:<=?:FD
FM
=E?FCF?:G@
?@<9D:<:=D;K



2rv!#t
!25rq$5t!q2r"$72!
$!"

2rs$
2r!v$
~€n@AG:<:DJ
XSYZ[Q
‚@9:<N@;

ƒ„x89@
iC>FA?=D<@
FM
mE?FCF?:G@
8@<9D:<:=D;

„x89@
†@@H
MFA
‡E=N:?I
n@AG:<@

ˆ„x89@
†@@H
MFA
‰DJF:DJ
n@AG:<@

Š„x‹=AA=D?:@;

Œ„xiD<A@=;@H
‚@9:<N@
mJ@

Ž‘’y:;<E;;
?9@
D@@H
MFA
A@>=:A;
=;
<=A;
O@<FC@
FNH@A
=DH
z9=?
F>>FA?ED:?:@;
?9:;

D@@H
>A@;@D?;
?F
=
pE=N:M:@H
?@<9D:<:=DK

“„xl=A@@A
‰>>FA?ED:?:@;

Š„xy@=N@A;9:>;

Œ„xiDH@>@DH@D?
n@AG:<@
n9F>;

”„x•A=D<9:;@
}@>=:A
n9F>

–„xn?FA@—m;;F<:=?@H
n9F>;

˜„x•N@@?
n@AG:<@
=DH
™=:D?@D=D<@

Ž‘’y:;<E;;
<=A@@A
F>>FA?ED:?:@;
:D
=NN
=A@=;
FM
=E?FCF?:G@
;@AG:<@K

~~€šFO
lN=;;:M:<=?:FD;

ƒ„xn@AG:<@
8@<9D:<:=D



 

,
012343256797 33027403 7


!"#$%"&'()*$
+
'&,-.'$/0,-1'&$
2
'&,-.'$3)*)4'&$
5
'&,-.'$6-&'.7"&$
8
9)&71$:";*7'&#'&1"*$
<
9)&71$3)*)4'&$
=>?@AB6-1.;11$7!'$,)&-";1$);7"("7-,'$1!"#$#"1-7-"*1$)*0$!"C$7!'D$').!$&'E)7'$7"$7!'$
7'.!*-.-)*1F$
GGGHIJ'E)7'0$:)&''&$K##"&7;*-7-'1$
L
9)&71$6-17&-M;7-"*$


3)&N'7-*4$)*0$)E'1$
+
K7!'&$K##"&7;*-7-'1$
GOHIP&)-*-*4$Q"&$)$:)&''&$-*$/;7"("7-,'$'&,-.'$
L
7;0'*7$R"&N$ST#'&-'*.'$
U
V"M$!)0"C-*4$9&"4&)($
W
3'*7"&-*4$9&"4&)($
X
:""#'&)7-,'$S0;.)7-"*$
Y
9)&7ZP-('$S(#E"D('*7$


[\]\^\_`$/;7"("7-,'$/##&'*7-.'1!-#$9&"4&)($
+
P!'$a''0$Q"&$:"*7-*;";1$b')&*-*4$
OHI/ S$:'&7-Q-.)7-"*$
=>?@ABc*7&"0;.'$7!'$,)&-";1$#&"4&)(1$-*$D";&$)&')$7!)7$)&'$),)-E)ME'$7"$17;0'*71F$
$
defghfijhklmmlnhogpqjnghmroklnkjsgrlnohfnqh
ogpmturnvhtulkwoxh
yR-7!";7$'T#'&-'*.'z$17;0'*71$C-EE$17&;44E'$C-7!$;*0'&17)*0-*4$!"C$)*$);7"("7-,'$1!"#$Q;*.7-"*1F$
y9"11-MED$!),'$)$1!"#$"C*'&$,-1-7$7!'$.E)11$"&$)&&)*4'$7"$7)N'$7!'$17;0'*71$7"$"M1'&,'$)$1!"#$0;&-*4$
"#'&)7-*4$!";&1F$
yP"$!'E#$17;0'*71$;*0'&17)*0$)$̀{|}_`$0-QQ'&'*7$~"M$.E)11-Q-.)7-"*1z$#E).'$,)&-";1$17;0'*71$)1$7!'$1!"#$
|€‚\]ƒ|€ƒ`€„†ƒ‡€ˆ€ƒ\]^ƒ{\„ƒˆ{‚ƒ\€€\]‰ƒˆ{ƒŠ‡|€‹Œ|\^ƒ|€ƒˆ{ƒ^\Ž_`ƒ`{|}ƒ\†ˆ„ˆ`$
y),'$7!'$17;0'*71$&'Q'&$7"$7!'$~"M$.E)11-Q-.)7-"*$1'.7-"*$"Q$7!'$.!)#7'&$)1$)$&'Q'&'*.'$Q"&$7!'1'$
)11-4*('*71F$J'Q'&$7"$#)4'1$‘Z’“$"Q$:!)#7'&$’$Q"&$&'Q'&'*.'F$
$
oelshfkgr”rgrjohfnqhkfojhogpqrjoh
'&'$)&'$1"('$).7-,-7-'1$D";$.)*$&',-'C$-*Z.E)11$)1$)$4&";#z$"&$)1N$17;0'*71$7"$."(#E'7'$-*0-,-0;)EED$"&$-*$
#)-&1•$
$
U
J'1')&.!$)$,'!-.E'$"Q$D";&$.!"-.'F$–-1-7$7!'$()*;Q).7;&'&$"&$0')E'&1!-#$C'M1-7'F$3)N'$)$E-17$"Q$)EE$"Q$
7!'$1D17'(1$-*$7!)7$,'!-.E'$7!)7$)&'$."*7&"EE'0$MD$'E'.7&"*-.1F$cQ$D";$)&'$;*1;&'$"Q$1D17'(z$-*.E;0'$-71$
*)('$"*$7!'$E-17$)*0$7)EN$7"$D";&$-*17&;.7"&$)M";7$-7F$







,
012343256797 33027403 7


!!"#$%&!'(%#$%)#%)*+,-./$)0#1)2$3!/#!4#$%)#*!2.*#/)-1+.+)&#!&#.$#!/*3/)#5!6#-)613$)1#1'2%#.1#
---7-!&"!+!*3172!89#---72.&))&6'3*0)&72.9#---7.++&)/$32)1).&2%72!89#./0#
---75!66./"7(272.:%!8)7#;*3+#!'$#!&#+&3/$#.**#!4#$%)#)8+*!<8)/$#!++!&$'/3$3)1#.=.3*.6*)#$!#
1!8)!/)#$&.3/)0#3/#.'$!8!$3=)#$)2%/!*!(<7#>!#/!$#*383$#<!'&#1).&2%#$!#!/)#!&#$-!#5!6#
2*.113432.$3!/1?#*!!"#$%&!'(%#8./<7#
#
@
A.1)0#!/#$%)#.01#4!'/0#3/#$%)#+&)=3!'1#.2$3=3$<9#+'$#$!()$%)&#.#1'88.&<#!4#$%)#5!61#$%.$#.&)#
2'&&)/$*<#.=.3*.6*)7#B/2*'0)#3/#$%)#1'88.&<#$%)#0)13&)0#C'.*3432.$3!/1#./0#$%)#$<+)#!4#4.23*3$3)1#3/#
/))0#!4#C'.*343)0#$)2%/323./17#
#
DEFGHIFJKLJKHMKNLLOJIHPQHGJRSHFKQLEFJ
TUVW*)2$&!/321#.&)#-30)*<#'1)0#6)2.'1)#$%)<#.**!-#4!&#&.+30#&)1+!/1)#$!#2%./()1#3/#!+)&.$3/(#
2!/03$3!/1?#$%)<#.&)#3/)X+)/13=)9#*3(%$-)3(%$9#./0#=)&<#&)*3.6*)7#
YUVZ!#6)2!8)#.#1'22)114'*#.'$!8!$3=)#$)2%/323./9#<!'#8'1$#6)#.6*)#$!#8.1$)&#./0#"))+#'+#-3$%#
$%)#*.$)1$#$)2%/!*!(3)19#./0#<!'#8'1$#+!11)11#$%)#1"3**1#$!#-!&"#-)**#-3$%#+)!+*)7#
[UVZ%)&)#.&)#.#=.&3)$<#!4#$<+)1#!4#6'13/)11)1#$%.$#)8+*!<#.'$!8!$3=)#$)2%/323./17#
\
>).*)&1%3+1#+&!=30)#&)+.3&#./0#8.3/$)/./2)#!/#=)%32*)1#-%3*)#$%)<#.&)#'/0)&#-.&&./$<#
./0#6)<!/07#Z%)<#!44)&#$%)#$)2%/323./#(!!0#$)2%/32.*#1'++!&$9#1+)23.*#03.(/!1$32#)C'3+8)/$9#
./#!++!&$'/3$<#$!#1+)23.*3])9#./0#!/(!3/(#$&.3/3/(7#^#031.0=./$.()#2!'*0#6)#6)2!83/(#*383$)0#
$!#!/)#!&#$-!#+.&$32'*.&#8!0)*#*3/)17#
_
B/0)+)/0)/$#&)+.3&#1%!+1#1)&=32)#.**#$<+)1#!4#=)%32*)19#1!8)$38)1#1+)23.*3]3/(#3/#2)&$.3/#
.&).1#!4#&)+.3&9#!&#3/#)3$%)&#38+!&$#!&#0!8)1$32#=)%32*)17#Z%31#$<+)#!4#1%!+#8.<#+&)1)/$#2!/1$./$#
1)&=32)#./0#03.(/!1$32#2%.**)/()1#$!#$%)#$)2%/323./9#+&!=303/(#./#!++!&$'/3$<#$!#(.3/#.#-)**,#
&!'/0)0#$)2%/32.*#6.2"(&!'/07#>31.0=./$.()1#8.<#3/2*'0)#%.=3/(#*)11#1!+%31$32.$)0#
03.(/!1$32#)C'3+8)/$#$!#-!&"#-3$%#./0#*)11#0).*)&1%3+#1+!/1!&)0#$&.3/3/(7#
`
a$!&),.11!23.$)0#1%!+1#+&!=30)#2)&$.3/#1+)23.*3])0#1)&=32)1#1'2%#.1#6&.")19#)X%.'1$#
1<1$)819#./0#-%))*#./0#$3&)#&)+.3&7#^/#.0=./$.()#$!#$%)#$)2%/323./#31#$%)#.63*3$<#$!#1+)23.*3])#
3/#!/)#.&).#./0#+&!0'2$7#^#031.0=./$.()#31#/!$#6)2!83/(#.1#-)**#&!'/0)0#3/#!$%)&#.&).1#!4#
.'$!8!$3=)#1)&=32)7#
b
a+)23.*$<#1)&=32)#1%!+1#+&!=30)#&)+.3&1#3/#1+)23.*3])0#&)+.3&#.&).1#1'2%#.1#)/(3/)#
&)6'3*03/(9#$&./183113!/:$&./1.X*)#!=)&%.'*3/(9#6&.")9#)X%.'1$9#)83113!/19#!&#)*)2$&32.*#1<1$)817#
Z)2%/323./1#2./#6)2!8)#=)&<#1"3**)0#3/#$%)#1+)23.*3])0#.&).9#6'$#$%)<#2./#.*1!#*383$#$%)81)*=)17#
c
d*))$#1)&=32)#./0#8.3/$)/./2)#1%!+1#+&!=30)#1)&=32)#./0#8.3/$)/./2)#4!&#.#4*))$#!4#
2!8+./<,!-/)0#=)%32*)17#Z%)3&#$)2%/323./1#2./#6)2!8)#=)&<#4.83*3.&#-3$%#.#-30)#&./()#!4#
=)%32*)1#!=)&#./#)X$)/0)0#+)&3!0#!4#$38)7#
eUVZ%)&)#.&)#8./<#-.<1#$%.$#<!'#2./#(.3/#-!&"#)X+)&3)/2)#-%3*)#<!'#.&)#.#1$'0)/$7#Z%)<#3/2*'0)f#
.7#5!6#1%.0!-3/(9#67#8)/$!&3/(9#27#2!!+)&.$3=)#)0'2.$3!/9#07#.++&)/$32)1%3+9#)7#+.&$,$38)#
)8+*!<8)/$7#
gUV07#>'&3/(#$%)#!/,$%),5!6#+!&$3!/#!4#./#.++&)/$32)1%3+9#$%)#.++&)/$32)#8'1$#2!8+*)$)#.#
+&)12&36)0#1)$#!4#2!8+*)$)#=)%32*)#&)+.3&#$.1"17#
hUV67#i%3*)#.#=)%32*)#31#1$3**#'/0)&#-.&&./$<9#&)+.3&1#.&)#'1'.**<#+)&4!&8)0#3/#0).*)&1%3+#1)&=32)#
0)+.&$8)/$17#
jUV27#a+)23.*$<#1%!+1#+)&4!&8#-!&"#!/#!/)#!&#8!&)#1+)23432#.'$!8!$3=)#1<1$)817#
kUV07#Z%)#1)&=32)#.0=31)&#+&)+.&)1#2!1$#)1$38.$)17#
lUVmnopqrosrqtuvrwxorvruyz{|tuxoqmsro}z{~ur~oyqro€zrmyrxyouqm|€rxot|oy{~mwxomy{‚{ƒtvrxno
W*)2$&!/321#%.=)#.44)2$)0#$%)#!+)&.$3!/#!4#.*8!1$#)=)&<#.'$!8!$3=)#1<1$)8#3/2*'03/(#
38+&!=)8)/$1#$!#)/(3/)#+)&4!&8./2)9#)83113!/#2!/$&!*9#6&."3/(#1<1$)819#./0#+.11)/()&#
2!84!&$#$!#/.8)#.#4)-7#





,% 012343256797 33027403 7
&'()*+,-,./001..2/3,41056707*6,8/.4,9:..1..,*,;::<,/6<1=.4*6<76;,:2,13104=:670.+,
&&()<+,>7=1,=:4*47:6,?:/3<,@1,91=2:=81<,/6<1=,.051</31<,9=1A164*47A1,8*76416*601+,B*41=,9/89,
=193*018164,*6<,4=*6.87..7:6,:A1=5*/3,?:/3<,:63C,@1,91=2:=81<,?516,*,2*73/=1,:=,.7;6.,:2,
78916<76;,?*41=,9/89,:=,4=*6.87..7:6,2*73/=1,:00/=.+,D6;761,:73,=193*018164,7.,*,=1;/3*=,
8*76416*601,7418,45*4,<:1.,6:4,6101..*=73C,5*A1,4:,@1,:63C,91=2:=81<,</=76;,*,9=1A164*47A1,
8*76416*601,.1=A701+,
&E()@+,>51,*/4:8:@731,8*6/2*04/=1=,<141=8761.,451,61?,0*=,?*==*64C,0:6<747:6.,2:=,451,
FGHIJIKLMNOPQNRSLRNQFRTQTULVNQHUFLRQPWPHNJPX,
&Y()<+,>51,;:A1=68164,8*6<*41.,451,316;45,:2,4781,*6<,*8:/64,:2,Z73:814=1.,45*4,187..7:6,0:64=:3,
<1A701.,*=1,4:,@1,0:A1=1<,/6<1=,?*==*64C+,
&[()<+,>:,@10:81,*,01=47271<,*/4:8:47A1,41056707*6,76,8:.4,\*6*<7*6,9=:A7601.,C:/,8/.4,0:893141,
*6,*/4:8:47A1,.1=A701,41056707*6,*99=164701.579+,
&]()@+,-345:/;5,1*05,9=:A7601,8*C,.14,*,87678/8,;=*<1,4:,:@4*76,*,9=:A7607*3,01=47270*41^,*,_`,
91=0164,;=*<1,8/.4,@1,*0571A1<,4:,:@4*76,*,a1<,b1*3,16<:=.18164+,
&c()0+,-,9=:=*41<,?*==*64C,<10=1*.1.,:A1=,4781+,
&d()*+,-,9=:=*41<,?*==*64C,7.,0:88:63C,9=:A7<1<,:6,47=1.,*6<,@*441=71.+,
&e()0+,B5:31.*31=.,*=1,0:88:63C,Z6:?6,76,451,*/4:8:47A1,76</.4=C,*.,f:@@1=.+,g:@@1=.,.133,
*241=8*=Z14,9*=4.,*6<,./99371.,4:,*/4:8:47A1,.1=A701,.5:9.,*6<,451,;161=*3,9/@370+,
&h()*+,>51,*<A*64*;1,:2,*,a1<,b1*3,16<:=.18164,7.,45*4,74,*33:?.,*6,*/4:8:47A1,.1=A701,41056707*6,
4:,?:=Z,76,8:.4,\*6*<7*6,9=:A7601.,?745:/4,2/=451=,41.476;,@10*/.1,74,7.,=10:;67i1<,*.,*,57;5,
.4*6<*=<,:2,*0571A18164+,
E'()<+,-bD,41.476;,76,\*6*<*,7.,A:3/64*=C,41.476;,76,A*=7:/.,*/4:8:47A1,41056:3:;C,*=1*.+,




%

73 
12532! "#$

,% 012343256797 33027403 7
&
&

'()*+,-./.
012345678.93:55;.
'()*+,-.<=,-=>,0.
?@AB&C@DEFGH&IGBCHAJGB&F@G&KLHMENDCG&BMANNB&OGGIGI&FL&BPCCGBBQPNNR&LJFDAO&D&SLJ&DOI&@LK&FL&MGGE&AFT&
UVLOW&F@G&FLEACB&IABCPBBGI&DHG&F@G&EHGEDHDFALO&LQ&D&HGBPVX&DOI&CLYGH&NGFFGHZ&DOI&@LK&FL&EHGEDHG&
QLH&D&SLJ&AOFGHYAGKT&?@G&JDBAB&QLH&WLLI&KLHMENDCG&BMANNB&AB&HGBEGCFT&[LP&VPBF&OLF&LONR&@DYG&HGBEGCF&
QLH&RLPHBGNQZ&JPF&DNBL&QLH&RLPH&GVENLRGHZ&RLPH&QGNNLK&GVENLRGGBZ&DOI&RLPH&CPBFLVGHBT&
&
\,)-]>]^.<_+'<`,9.
abcGYGNLE&D&EGHBLODN&GVENLRVGOF&ENDOT&
abdGGM&DOI&DEENR&QLH&GVENLRVGOFT&
abeHGEDHG&D&HGBPVX&DOI&CLYGH&NGFFGHT&
abeHGEDHG&QLH&DO&GVENLRVGOF&AOFGHYAGKT&
abUCCGEF&GVENLRVGOFT&
abfOIGHBFDOI&@LK&DPFLVLFAYG&FGC@OACADOB&DHG&CLVEGOBDFGIT&
abfOIGHBFDOI&F@G&EHLEGH&HGNDFALOB@AE&JGFKGGO&DO&GVENLRGH&DOI&DO&GVENLRGGT&
abghENDAO&F@G&MGR&GNGVGOFB&LQ&LOiF@GiSLJ&CLVVPOACDFALOBT&
abjG&DJNG&FL&PBG&CHAFACDN&F@AOMAOW&DOI&EHLJNGViBLNYAOW&BMANNBT&
abghENDAO&@LK&RLP&B@LPNI&NLLM&DOI&DCF&FL&JG&HGWDHIGI&DB&D&EHLQGBBALODNT&
abghENDAO&@LK&QGNNLK&KLHMGHB&DOI&CPBFLVGHB&B@LPNI&JG&FHGDFGIT&
&
>]9+-_'+><])\.<_+\>],.0>+(.+,)'(>]^.(>]+9.
klmdGGMAOW&DOI&UEENRAOW&QLH&gVENLRVGOF&
nobgVENLRVGOF&eNDO&
pobqIGOFAQRAOW&[LPH&dMANNB&
robqIGOFAQRAOW&sLJ&eLBBAJANAFAGB&
tobcHAYAOW&uGCLHI&
vobeHGEDHAOW&[LPH&uGBPVX&
wobcAWAFDN&eLHFQLNALB&
xobuGQGHGOCGB&
yobeHGEDHAOW&[LPH&zLYGH&{GFFGH&
|obzLOFDCFAOW&eLFGOFADN&gVENLRGHB&
}obgVENLRVGOF&UEENACDFALO&
~ob?@G&qOFGHYAGK&

%

73 
12532! "#$

,% 012343256797 33027403 7
&'()*+,-.+/,.01+,-23,4.
56789:;/<4.,=>?@A,B.<*.C<<D.>1D.@<<-AE.F<?@A,+,D.-,BG?HBI.F<2,-.A,++,-BI.>1D.>@@A3F>+3<1BJ.
K>2,.+/,.B+GD,1+B.>@@AE.*<-.>.?<FL.M<N.<@,131CJ.OA<FL.<G+.+/,.1>?,B.>1D./>2,.+/,.FA>BB.A<<L.
>+.+/,.>@@A3F>+3<1BI.F<2,-.A,++,-BI.>1D.-,BG?HB.>1D.2<+,.<1.4/3F/.>@@A3F>1+.4<GAD.?<B+.A3L,AE.
C,+./3-,DJ.
PPQR)FF,@+31C.S?@A<E?,1+.
T'(U<?@,1B>+3<1.
V'(K<G-AE.W>C,.
X'(U<??3BB3<1.
Y'(ZA>+.[>+,.
\'(],>?.;EB+,?.
^'(O,1,*3+B.
_'(]<+>A.S>-131CB.
PPPQRW<-L31C.>B.>1.)G+<?<+32,.],F/13F3>1.
T'(S?@A<E,-`S?@A<E,,.[,A>+3<1B/3@B.
56789:0123+,.>.B/<@.*<-,?>1.<-.B,-23F,.?>1>C,-.+<.B@,>L.+<.+/,.B+GD,1+B.>N<G+.4/>+.
F/>->F+,-3B+3FB.>-,.?<B+.2>AG,D.31.,?@A<E,,BJ.
PaQRU<??G13F>+3<1B.
T'(b<12,-N>A.U<??G13F>+3<1.
56789:K>2,.>.B+GD,1+.D,?<1B+->+,.2>-3<GB.1<12,-N>A.F<??G13F>+3<1B.>1D.A,+.+/,.FA>BB.
D,F3D,.4/>+.3B.N,31C.F<??G13F>+,DJ.
aQR;<A231C.c-<NA,?B.>1D.U-3+3F>A.]/31L31C.
T'(d3>C1<B3B.
56789:c-<23D,.B,2,->A.@GeeA,B.<-.-3DDA,B.+<.>AA<4.+/,.B+GD,1+B.+<.+,B+.+/,3-.F-3+3F>A.+/31L31C.
BL3AABJ.
aPQRc-<*,BB3<1>A3B?.
T'(U<@31C.43+/.U/>1C,.
aPPQR01+,-@,-B<1>A.[,A>+3<1B/3@B.
T'(UGB+<?,-.[,A>+3<1B.
56789:0123+,.>.-,F,@+3<13B+.<-.>.B3?3A>-.@-<*,BB3<1>A.+<.+>AL.+<.+/,.B+GD,1+B.>N<G+.+,A,@/<1,.
,+3fG,++,.>1D.FGB+<?,-.-,A>+3<1BJ.
.
ghijkilmknoppoqkrjstmqjkpurnoqnmvjuoqrkiqtk
rjspwxuqykwxonzr{k
|(}<G1C.@,<@A,.,1+,-31C.+/,.4<-L*<-F,.43AA.1<+.1,F,BB>-3AE./>2,.+/,.BL3AAB.+<.F<??G13F>+,.,**,F+32,AE.<-.
43+/.F<1*3D,1F,J.c->F+3B,.@G++31C.B+GD,1+B.31+<.+/,.-<A,B.<*.FGB+<?,-.>1D.+,F/13F3>1.D3BFGBB31C.
@-<NA,?B.43+/.+/,3-.2,/3FA,BJ.]/3B.43AA.C32,.+/,.31B+-GF+<-.+/,.<@@<-+G13+E.+<.D3BFGBB.F<??G13F>+3<1.BL3AABJ.
|(K>2,.+/,.B+GD,1+B.4-3+,.>1.>D.B,,L31C.>.+,F/13F3>1.*<-.,?@A<E?,1+J.~B,.+/3B.>B.>.+<<A.+<.,2>AG>+,.
4/>+.+/,3-.3D,>.3B.<*.>.C<<D.,?@A<E,,J.[,*,-.+<.@>C,.€.<*.U/>@+,-..*<-.-,*,-,1F,J.
|(K>2,.+/,.B+GD,1+B.-,B,>-F/.+/,.*A>+‚->+,.+3?,.*<-.>AA.M<NB.+/,E.@,-*<-?.31.+/,.B/<@I.+/3B.43AA./,A@.+/,?.
+<.G1D,-B+>1D.+3?,.?>1>C,?,1+J.c>C,.ƒ.<*.U/>@+,-..-,*,-B.+<.*A>+.->+,J.




%

73 
12532! "#$

, $ 012343256797 33027403 7
%&'()*+,-.-,-/%)*01)+*%/)%,21-/%)
34546754689:467;<=>=<=486?9@6;7A654>=4B6=AC;D788678676E59@FG695678H68<@I4A<86<96;9:FD4<46=AI=>=I@7DD?6956=A6
F7=58J6
6
KLMN48475;O6?9@56D9;7D6A4B8F7F45869569AD=A46B4P8=<48Q6RD=F69@<6956F5=A<6S9@564:FD9?:4A<6
9FF95<@A=<=486=A6<O467@<9:9<=>46S=4DIQ6
6
TLMU54F754676548@:V6=A;D@I=AE6<O46S9DD9B=AE64D4:4A<8J6;9A<7;<6=AS95:7<=9AG6;7544569PW4;<=>48G68H=DD86
7AIX9567;;9:FD=8O:4A<8G6B95H64YF45=4A;4G64I@;7<=9AG67AI6768<7<4:4A<67P9@<6F59>=8=9A69S6
54S454A;48Q6
6
ZLMRO998469A469S6<O464:FD9?:4A<69FF95<@A=<=486S59:6[O9F6\;<=>=<?6]^_67AI6B5=<4676;9>456D4<<456S956=<Q6
6
`LMU54F75467654F7=5648<=:7<46S956<O4654FD7;4:4A<69S676;D@<;O67AI6P468@546<96=A;D@I46<O46
7FF59F5=7<46<7Y486S956?9@56754769S6<O46;9@A<5?Q6
6
*0%a/b%),'),/c,d''e)b/.-/a)f2/%,-'0%)
ghij9@564:FD9?:4A<6FD7A68O9@DI6=A;D@I46?9@568F4;=S=;6W9P6E97D867AI676FD7A6<96547;O6<O4:Q6j9@6
8O9@DI6D=8<6?9@56=A<4548<8G68H=DD8G67AI67<<=<@I486<O7<6:7<;O6<O46W9P6?9@67546844H=AEQ6kA;D@I46P9<O6
?9@568O95<C<45:67AI6D9AEC<45:6E97D867D9AE6B=<O676F5=95=<=l4I6D=8<69S6F9<4A<=7D64:FD9?458Q6
mhinD7<657<46:47A86<O7<647;O6<4;OA=;=7A6=86F7=I67;;95I=AE6<96<O467:9@A<69S6B95H6F59I@;4IQ6o7;O6
W9P6O78676SD7<C57<46<=:4G67AI6<O46<4;OA=;=7A6=86F7=I6S956<O7<67:9@A<69S6<=:4654E75ID48869S6O9B6
D9AE6=<6<7H486<96;9:FD4<46<O46<78HQ6pO46SD7<C57<468?8<4:654B75I86<O46:98<6F59I@;<=>46
<4;OA=;=7A8G6BO=D46F59>=I=AE6S956:95467;;@57<4654F7=5648<=:7<48Q6
qhij9@56;9>456D4<<4568O9@DI6=A;D@I46<O5446F757E57FO8Q6pO46S=58<68O9@DI6I48;5=P46?9@56=A<4548<6=A6
B95H=AE6S956<O=864:FD9?4567AI6<O46F98=<=9A6?9@67546844H=AEQ6pO4684;9AI6F757E57FO6=86@84I6<96
84DD6?9@584DSG67AI6<O46<O=5I6=86@84I678676;D98=AE6P?6<O7AH=AE6<O464:FD9?4567AI654r@48<=AE67A6
=A<45>=4BQ6
shi\6<4;OA=;=7A6;7A6F59:9<46E99I6;@8<9:45654D7<=9A86P?J67Q6D475A=AE6<96D=8<4A67AI6<7DH6;D475D?G6PQ6
P4=AE6F9D=<467AI695E7A=l4I69A6<O46<4D4FO9A4G6;Q6P4=AE6786O9A48<6786<O4?6F988=PD?6;7AG6IQ6
F5484A<=AE6<O4:84D>486=A676F59S488=9A7D6:7AA45G64Q6I5488=AE67AI67;<=AE67FF59F5=7<4D?G6SQ6
548F4;<=AE6>4O=;D4867AI654<@5A=AE6<O4:6@AI7:7E4IG6EQ64YFD7=A=AE654F7=56F59;488486<96
;@8<9:4586=A6@AI458<7AI7PD46<45:8G6OQ68O9B=AE6548F4;<67AI6P4=AE6;9@5<49@8G67AI6=Q6:7H=AE6
54F7=5648<=:7<486786F54;=846786F988=PD4Q6
thip4;OA=;=7A867864:FD9?4486O7>46<O4846548F9A8=P=D=<=486<96<O4=564:FD9?45J6
uLMvwxyz{|}{~~w€{wQ6\6E99I64:FD9?446=8654D=7PD4Q6‚@8=A488486;7AA9<69F457<468@;;488S@DD?6
@AD4886B95H458675469A6<O46W9PQ6
ƒLM„zz†‡x}€‡|w~‡ˆ‰}o:FD9?44867546F75<69S676<47:Q6Š9=AE6<O=AE86?9@56B7?6:7?6A9<6P46=A6
<O46P48<6=A<4548<69S6<O46;9:F7A?Q6
‹LMŒw{}wŽw|ˆ‡‰}\6E99I64:FD9?446B95H86B4DD6B=<O69<O45867AI68<5=>486<96:7H46<O46
P@8=A48868@;;488S@DQ6
‘LMvwˆˆ‡Ž‡z‡~’‰}o:FD9?4486O7>46<96P46B=DD=AE6<967A8B456S956<O4=56P4O7>=9@567AI6B95H6O7P=<8Q6
“LM”|€y~‡•‡~’‰}o:FD9?44867546F7=I6S956<O4=56<=:4G6786B4DD6786<O4=568H=DD8G6HA9BD4IE4G67AI6
–——˜™š›œžœ–Ÿ ¡˜¢––£¤œ¥¦š¢œ§¤œš˜œ¨–œ©¤œ–——–ªš§«–œ©¤œ˜¤¤§¨¡–œ¬­§¡–œ©šœ¬˜™®›6
¯LM°’{z~’‰}±9?7D<?6=864YF4;<4IQ6pO=8654r@=54867A64:FD9?446<967;<6=A6<O46P48<6=A<4548<869S6<O46
4:FD9?45G6P9<O69A67AI69SS6<O46W9PQ6


$

73 
12532! "#


The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller TestBanksStuvia. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $20.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

78252 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$20.49
  • (0)
  Add to cart