Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body
→ a. Carnosine is made in the body from L-histidine and beta-alanine via an energydependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase.
→ b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain tissue, kidney, and stomach.
→ c. The highest...
CISSN STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2024/2025
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body
→ a. Carnosine is made in the body from L-histidine and beta-alanine via an energy-
dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase.
→ b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain tissue, kidney, and stomach.
→ c. The highest concentration is found in meats and absorbed in the intestine via peptide
transporters.
→ d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation.
→ e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
→ f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
→ g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested
that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+
originating from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and
suppresses a loss of force.
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose?
→ + Slow digesting starch.
→ + Blunts plasma and insulin response leading to prolonged energy availability and
satiety compared to rapidly digested starches.
→ + Absorbed with less insulin allowing ketogenic effects to remain.
→ + Examples are rice, barley, and corn.
→ + Contains two starch polymers: amylose, and amylopectin.
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting muscle function?
→ 1. The primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrates
and/or caffeine.
→ 2. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been
well-established but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED
and ES remain to be determined.
→ 3. Consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness,
anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance.
→ 4. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients; these products in particular merit
further study to demonstrate their safety and potential effects on physical and mental
performance.
→ 5. There is some limited evidence that consumption of low-calorie ED during training
and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote a small
amount of additional fat loss. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote
weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as
part of the total daily energy intake.
→ 6. Athletes should consider the impact of ingesting high glycemic load carbohydrates
on metabolic health, blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as the effects of caffeine
and other stimulants on motor skill performance.
→ 7. Children and adolescents should only consider use of ED or ES with parental
approval.
→ 8. Uncareful use of ED or ES, especially if more than one serving per day is consumed,
may lead to adverse events and harmful side effects.
→ 9. Diabetics and individuals with cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and
neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic
load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should avoid the use of ED and/or ES
unless approved by their physician.
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic precursors.
→ Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate, glycerol (catabolic produce of
triacylglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes?
→ Moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk
of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage?
→ - HICA = alfa-hydroxy-isocaproic acid
→ - the end product of leucine metabolism in human tissue such as muscle and connective
→ - considered an anti-catabolic substance
→ - studied body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness, physical performance
→ - 4 week period of HICA supplementation
→ - 1.5 g/day leads to increase MUSCLE MASS
What is a BOD POD? DEXA?
→ BOD POD: body composition recording device that uses Air Displacement
Plethysmography (how much air your body displaces)
→ DEXA: Dual X-ray Absorptiometry. Uses beams of very low-energy radiation to
determine the density of the bone.
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does one
fuel source predominate over the other?
→ - Fat oxidation occurs at low intensity long duration exercise.
→ - Carbohydrates are oxidized during higher intensity shorter exercise.
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance?
→ - shown to increase power, force and maintenance
→ - affects exercise performance through favorable lactate and fatty acid substrate
metabolism.
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle?
→ - increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
→ - greater increase in type II muscle fibers
→ -a shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle?
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