Bio 235 Midterm 1 Exam Study Guide.
Metabolism - answersum of al chemical processes
catabolism - answerthat break down molecules, releasing energy.
anabolism - answerthe process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
3 things that effect growth in the body size - answer1. increase i...
catabolism - answer✔that break down molecules, releasing energy.
anabolism - answer✔the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
3 things that effect growth in the body size - answer✔1. increase in the size of existing cells
2.increase in the number of cells
3.increase in the size of material between the cells
reproduction is the formation of new cells for? (2) - answer✔1. tissue growth, repair or
replacement
2. production of a new individual
fluid within the cells - answer✔intracellular fluid
fluid outside the cells - answer✔extracellular fluid
ECF that fills narrow space between cells of tissues - answer✔interstitial fluid
what is the monitored variable called in a feedback loop - answer✔controlled condition
what is the stimulus - answer✔any disruption that changes a controlled condition
what's the receptor - answer✔body structure monitoring the changes of a controlled condition
and sends inputs
what is an afferent pathway-input - answer✔flows towards the control center (nerve impulse or
chemical signal)
what is the control center - answer✔sets the range of values within which a controlled condition
should be maintained; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output
commands when they are needed
efferent pathway - answer✔flow away from control center to effector
effector - answer✔body structure receiving output and brings about change and produces a
response that alters the controlled condition
negative feedback system - answer✔reverses a change in a controlled condition
positive feedback loop - answer✔strengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition
until its interrupted-effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change-child birth
disorder - answer✔abnormality of a structure or function
disease - answer✔illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
symptom - answer✔subjective changes not visible to the observer
sign - answer✔objective changes visible to the observer (doctor)
prone - answer✔body is lying face down
supine - answer✔body is lying face up
ipsilateral - answer✔same side
contralateral - answer✔different sides
superficial - answer✔towards the surface of the skin
deep - answer✔away from surface of the skin
sagittal plane - answer✔divides the body into left and right
Midsagittal (median) plane - answer✔divides into equal left and right sides
parasagittal plane - answer✔unequal sides left and right
fronta (coronal plane) - answer✔divides front and back (anterior/posterior)
transverse plane - answer✔superior and inferior top and bottom (horizontal plane cross-
sectional)
Vertebral (spine) cavity - answer✔contains spinal cord and vertebral column-continuous of the
cranial cavity
Meninges - answer✔layers of protective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity - answer✔chest, ribs, sternum muscles of the chest and a thoracic portion of the
vertebral column
pericardial cavity - answer✔surrounds the heart
pleura cavity - answer✔surrounds lungs
visceral layer of cavity - answer✔inner layer
parietal layer of cavity - answer✔outer layer
mediastinum cavity - answer✔between the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral
column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and BV's but not
the lungs
diaphragm - answer✔dome muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic
cavity
abdominopelvic cavity - answer✔from the diaphragm to the groin
abdominal cavity-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine
pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive
system
viscera - answer✔organs inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
major elements of body mass - answer✔nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
lesser elements 8 - answer✔Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine,
Magnesium, Iron
what are the three subatomic particles - answer✔neutrons, protons, electrons
nucleus - answer✔core of an atom
proton - answer✔positively charged (in nucleus)
neutron - answer✔neutral no charge (in nucleus)
electrons - answer✔negatively charged in a cloud around the nucleus
atomic number is what - answer✔number of protons/electrons
mass number - answer✔sum of protons and neutrons
isotopes - answer✔Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) - answer✔An isotope of an atom that spontaneously emits
one or more types of radioactivity into stable configuration
half-life - answer✔the time it takes radioactive isotope to decay into half
atomic mass/weight - answer✔average of the natural occurring isotopes
ion - answer✔has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and
electrons
ionization - answer✔the process of giving up or gaining an electron to become stable
molecule - answer✔when two or more atoms share an electron
compound - answer✔substance made up of two or more different elements
free radicals - answer✔atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making it
unstable-become stable by gaining or losing from another element (this breaks apart important
elements) UV rays, x-rays
ionic bond - answer✔force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
cation - answer✔positively charged ion-loses an electron
anion - answer✔negatively charged ion-gains an electron
electrolyte - answer✔an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive or negative ions in a
solution
covalent bond - answer✔two more more atoms share electrons
non-polar - answer✔equal sharing of electrons
polar - answer✔sharing of electrons is unequal
electronegativity - answer✔power to attract electrons to itself
hydrogen bond - answer✔forms when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F
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