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BIO 669 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate Answers
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BIO 669 Exam 1 Questions And Accurate AnswersCytokines- these are the signaling molecules responsible for modulating the innate or
adaptive immunity that is in charge of the other cells' activation in relation to regulating
the inflammatory response. They help in stimulating the response relating to infection
and damage of tissues; through directing lymphocytes and leukocytes to the area of
damage, the healing process, as well as increasing or reducing inflammation, there is
more than one type of these cells with each eliciting their own different roles in the
inflammatory response.
Chemokines - ANSWER type of cytokines produced by many cells in response to
proinflammatory cytokines and cause chemotaxis to enhance phagocytosis and healing;
e.g. monocyte/macrophage chemotactic proteins, macrophage inflammatory proteins,
and neutrophils
Cells producing chemokines - ANSWER macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
Interleukins- ANSWER type of cytokine produced by WBC in response to stimulation of
PRRs or by other cytokines; many different types of these cytokines are known
Interleukin-1- ANSWER pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates and enhances
inflammatory response; it induces many acute phase proteins and is an endogenous
pyrogen
exogenous pyrogen ANSWER molecule that induces fever by resetting the hypothalamic
set point, setting the body's temperature set point higher so you feel cold as your body
temperature has risen initially, but then as the fever breaks and your temperature goes
back down you feel hot
IL-10-ANS anti-inflammatory cytokine mainly produced by lymphocytes that inhibits the
growth of other lymphocytes and production of proinflammatory cytokines of
macrophages, leading to a down-regulation of both the inflammatory and acquired
immune response
,Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ANSWER cytokine released by macrophages in response
to PAMPs and toll-like receptor recognition that is a powerful inflammatory mediator and
a major regulatory molecule for inflammation; induces a wide range of proinflammatory
actions
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ANSWER - Triggers fever as an endogenous
pyrogen (also provokes the release of IL-1 and IL-6, which also can both induce/
increase fever)
Triggers synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
- Cachexia, muscle wasting, and intravascular thrombosis
- Granuloma may also occur
TNF-A and biologic agents-ANSWER tumor necrosis factor alpha is the target of many
biologic agents which attempt to reduce the immune response when the latter is
overexpressed/out of proportion; since TNF-A promotes inflammation, drugs directed
against TNF-A will ramp DOWN the inflammatory response; e.g. used in tx of rheumatoid
arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease-autoimmune conditions where immune
system is too active
Interferon - ANSWER cytokine that protects against viral infections and modulate the
inflammatory response
Interferons alpha and beta - ANSWER Type I interferons that are produced and released
by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA and other viral
PAMPs to protect neighboring healthy cells; don't kill viruses directly
Interferon gamma - TYPE II interferon that is mainly produced by lymphocytes to
activate macrophages, increasing capacity to kill infectious agents like viruses (and
bacteria); major cytokine; increases microbicidal activity of macrophages
- Plays important role in how well you are able to clear infection
, Mast cells - WBCs, the most important cellular activator of the inflammatory response;
cellular bags of granule
- found in the loose connective tissues near blood vessels skin, digestive lining, and
respiratory tract
- granules contain histamine, cytokines, serotonin, and chemotactic factors that when
released result in profound inflammatory response
- mediator for pollen, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, etc.
Degranulation of mast cells - ANSWER most common activation of mast cell chemical
release
- Release of the contents of the mast cell granules [histamine, serotonin, chemotactic
factors, cytokines, etc.] in response to a receptor being engaged that allows for the
stimulation of mast cells
- This receptor is often an antibody serving as a receptor [e.g. IgE]
- IgE binds to mast cells causing them to release and produce a very strong immediate,
acute immune response [e.g. allergic asthma and other allergic responses]
Basophils - PATH granulocyte in the BLOOD that likely function similarly to mast cells
-least common granulocyte
-functions not well understood
Synthesis - PATH type of mast cell secretion where mast cells produce and release new
mediators in response to a stimulus
Histamine - PATH chemical preformed and stored in mast cells, released by
degranulation that is a vasoactive amine (has many vascular effects) and causes:
- temporary, rapid constriction of the large blood vessels
- dilation of the postcapillary venules - allows increased blood flow into the
mcirocirculation
- increased vascular permeability due to retraction of endothelial cells lining the
capillaries
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