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HPEX 358 Midterm: Ch. 1-6 Questions With Complete Solutions
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HPEX 358 Midterm: Ch. 1-6 Questions With Complete Solutions
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HPEX 358 Midterm: Ch. 1-6 Questions With CompleteSolutions
Example of health disparity? Correct Answer African
Americans Have the highest age-adjusted overall cancer
incidence and death rates.
Hills criteria of causality: Consistency Correct Answer An
association has been observed repeatedly
Hills criteria of causality: Specificity Correct Answer
Association is constrained to a particular disease-exposure
relationship
Hills criteria of causality: Strength Correct Answer Strong
associations give support to a causal relationship between factor
and disease
Hills criteria of causality: Temporality Correct Answer The
cause must be observed before the effect
How do you calculate age specific rates? Correct Answer
Number of individuals with the disease among the specified age
range divided by number of individuals who are that specific age
range multiplied by a multiplier.
How do you calculate case fatality rate (CFR)? Correct Answer
Number of deaths due to a disease divided by the number of
cases of that disease multiplied by 100
,How do you calculate sex specific rates? Correct Answer The
frequency of a disease in a gender group divided by the total
number of persons within that gender group during a time period
times a multiplier
How do you get attack rate? Correct Answer The number of ill
people divided by the sum of ill people and healthy people
multiplied by 100
How do you get incidence density? Correct Answer The
number of new cases during the time period divided by the
difference of total persons and time of observation
How do you get the cumulative incidence? Correct Answer
The number of new cases over a time period divided by the total
population at risk during the same time period.
How do you get the incidence rate? Correct Answer Rate
formed by dividing the number of new cases that occur during a
time period by the number of individuals in the population at
risk multiplied by a multiplier.
How does sample size affect the length of interval estimate?
Correct Answer The confidence interval decreases as sample
size increases.
How is descriptive epidemiology connected to epidemiologic
inferences? Correct Answer It provides a basis for generating
hypotheses and the inference is generated from descriptive
observations
, How to calculate crude rate? Correct Answer The frequency of
a disease over a specified period of time divided by reference
population multiplied by a multiplier.
How to set up a contingency table? Correct Answer Column:
Disease/Outcome status (Yes/No)
Row:Exposure status (Yes/No).
Robert Koch's Postulates Correct Answer 1. pathogen isolated
from sick individual
2. pathogen grown in laboratory culture
3. lab culture inoculated into healthy individual and should
cause same sickness
4. re-isolate pathogen from second individual in laboratory
culture and should be same as isolation from first culture
Scatterplot possibilities: Correct Answer 1.Perfect direct linear
association (r = +1.0)
2.Perfect inverse linear association (r = -1.0)
3.No association (r = 0.0)
4.Positive relationship (e.g., r = 0.7)
5.Curvilinear (inverted U shape)
What 2 things does incidence measure? Correct Answer The
risk of acquiring a new disease and the rate at which new cases
of a disease develop
What are examples of epidemics? Correct Answer Ebola virus,
Zika virus, salmonella outbreak of 2008, etc.
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