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Rosh Review PA-CAT part 4 exam questions and answers.
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Rosh Review PA-CAT part 4 exam questions and answers.
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Rosh Review PA-CAT part 4exam questions and answers
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
an acid-fast, obligate aerobic rod. Transmission of disease occurs via
inhalation of droplet nuclei, often in high-risk settings such as prisons,
hospitals, homeless shelters, or endemic countries. Classic signs and
symptoms of primary infection include prolonged cough, fevers, night
sweats, chills, weight loss, and coughing up blood. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis is considered an acid-fast bacterium due to its mycolic acid
cell wall. Diagnosis of active tuberculosis infection is made via specialized
microbial staining with carbol fuchsin, also known as a _____-____ ____.
Treatment of active tuberculosis includes a combination of rifampin,
isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Other acid-fast
organisms include other Mycobacterium species such
as Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy; Cryptosporidium, a
parasite that causes diarrheal illness; and Nocardia (weakly acid-fast),
which can cause pulmonary, cutaneous, and disseminated infection.
B
A 42-year-old athlete is competing in a race in the morning. He consumes
carbohydrate-rich foods the evening before. What biochemical process
fuels his muscles during the race through this process?
A Anabolism
B Catabolism
C Cellular fermentation
D Gluconeogenesis
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Myasthenia gravis
What autoimmune condition causes muscle weakness due to acetylcholine
receptor antibodies?
A
A 29-year-old man is undergoing physical therapy to strengthen his left
leg prior to having an anterior cruciate ligament repair. Receptors for what
neurotransmitter on the sarcolemma are found in the quadriceps femoris?
A Acetylcholine
B Dihydropyridine
C Nicotine
D Ryanodine
B
A 10-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with 3 days of
fever, malaise, and poor appetite. Her parents became concerned this
morning when they noted her skin and eyes were yellow. What is the
mode of transmission of her most likely underlying infection?
A Bite from an infected tick
B Fecal-oral
C Ingestion of contaminated soil
D Inhalation of respiratory droplets
Lyme disease
is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by
species of the Ixodes tick.
pons
People must sleep. It is so important that people sleep for approximately
30% of their lives. Researchers do not know precisely why people need
sleep, but studies are ongoing to determine why people sleep, how much
sleep is needed, what affects sleep, and what parts of the brain are
affected by sleep. Sleep-wake cycles are controlled by multiple areas in
, the brain acting in conjunction with hormones to regulate the type of
sleep humans get and how much sleep is obtained. Some of the major
areas involved in sleep include the hypothalamus, thalamus, pons,
pituitary gland, and pineal gland. Hormones involved in sleep include
melatonin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and growth
hormone. Sleep patterns change throughout the night and can be
monitored by viewing brainwave activity on an electroencephalogram.
When humans are awake, the brain demonstrates beta waves. When
asleep, the brainwave activity can be separated into nonrapid eye
movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM is
characterized by different wave patterns, including alpha waves, theta
waves, and delta waves. REM sleep is noticeable by rapid eye movement,
and the activity is similar to when a person is awake. This is the period of
sleep when dreaming occurs. The area of the brain that is important for
regulating REM sleep is the _____.
sensorimotor stage
Piaget theory of cognitive development describes how the quality of
children’s cognition develops in a relatively predictable manner with
increasing age. According to the theory, children construct knowledge by
assimilating and accommodating new information. The infancy and toddler
years are characterized by the ______ _____. During this stage, the infant
and toddler are primarily focused on sensations and the ability to
manipulate objects, such as putting objects into a cup, dumping objects
out of a bucket, or stacking blocks to create a tower. They also begin to
use objects for their intended purposes. For example, they may begin to
use a comb to brush their hair. They may also begin to complete symbolic
play or make-believe. For example, they may pretend to talk into a toy
phone or feed a stuffed animal from an empty cup. Following the toddler
years, the child progresses through the preoperational, concrete
operations, and formal operations phases.
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during
which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the
mental operations of concrete logic. Children are egocentric and often
cannot understand another's perspective
concrete operations
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