What are the levels of linguistic structure? - answer-phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
What are the factors that distinguish dialects from languages? - answer-LINGUISTIC AND SOCIAL APPROACH:
The linguistic approach looks for mutual intelligibility and linguistic similarity
...
LINGUISTICS MODULE 1 EXAM TOPICS
What are the levels of linguistic structure? - answer-phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,
pragmatics
What are the factors that distinguish dialects from languages? - answer-LINGUISTIC AND
SOCIAL APPROACH:
The linguistic approach looks for mutual intelligibility and linguistic similarity
The social approach asks the question: do people consider them to be the same language?
Example: Chinese → It has many "dialects" that can differ from each other substantially, but for
social reasons they are considered the same
How many languages are there, how many make up more than half of the world's population,
how many have gone extinct - answer-7,168 languages in the world
150 sign languages
23 languages more than half of world's pop
348 extinct since 1950
What makes a language endangered? - answer-Subjugation (meaning colonialism made them
learn a different language)
Cultural drift (people from a culture moving to different places so they speak the language less)
What promotes language vitality? - answer-Legal Status
Social status (attitudes and identity)
Range of environment of use (work, home, religion, school)
Use in literature
Children learning it as their native language
What is the mentalist approach - answer-linguistics interest in studying mental knowledge of
language
We use this approach because there are patterns reflected in behavior, like preferring certain
words over others and creating new words that follow sound patterns
What are examples of competence - answer-building blocks like sounds, affixes, and words,
and procedures (mental grammar) which are rules to combine sounds, affixes, and words
What are examples of performance - answer-Speech recognition, speech production
Transforming acoustic signals
Retrieving words from long-term memory
Putting elements in the right order
Whats the difference between competence and performance - answer-competence is
knowledge of a language and performance is what you have to do to use the language
What is the difference between the descriptive and prescriptive approach - answer-a
prescriptive grammar serves to impose its own vision of 'correct' language use, and a
descriptive grammar observes how language is used and passes this information on to readers.
What four things structure language according to hocketts design features - answer-
Semanticity, Arbitrariness, Discreteness, Productivity
, What is semanticity - answer-All signals in a communication system have a meaning or function
(WORDS MEAN SOMETHING)
What is Arbitrariness - answer-The meaning of linguistic signs is not predictable from its word
form, nor is the word form dictated by its meaning/function
(MEANINGS AREN'T RELATED TO WORD SOUNDS)
What is Discreteness - answer-Sounds are meaningfully distinct. Each sound is treated as a
discrete unit, and the occurrence of one sound instead of the other leads to a misuse of
language (DIFFERENT SOUNDS MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS)
What is productivity - answer-Capacity to form and understand novel utterances.
Making new words out of existing sounds, roots, and affixes)
(MAKING SENTENCES THAT HAVE NEVER BEEN SAID BEFORE)
Describe the three dimensions of consonant articulation - answer-1) Place of articulation
(location of constriction
2) Manner of articulation (type of constriction)
3 voicing (behavior of vocal folds during articulation
What are the different manners of articulation - answer-Stop - constriction of airstream
Fricative - small aperature
Affircate - stop closure followed by fricative release
Approximant - slightly greater aperature
Describe the four dimensions of vowel articulation - answer-1) Tongue height
2) Tongue backness
3) Lip rounding
4) Tenseness (of tongue)
What are the two vowel types - answer-Monopthong - vowel produced with the tongue in one
position
Dipthong - vowel produced by moving the tongue/lips to 2 positions
What are the 5 suprasegmental features - answer-length, tone, intonation, syllable structure,
stress
Describe the length feature - answer-consonants or vowels can be short or long
(feet vs feeeeeet_)
Describe the syllable feature - answer-groups of segments organized around vowels
There is a nucleous (single vowel), an onset(consonants before), and a coda (consontants after)
Describe the stress feature - answer-the linguistic prominence given to a syllable (always just
one syllable with primary stress)
(massachusetts)
Describe the tone feature - answer-The linguistic pitch given to a syllable
What is the IPA chart - answer-a set of symbols for representing speech sounds
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller TOPDOCTOR. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
