biology
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Topic Brief description
CELLS Cell structures, animal & plant cells, stem cells
LIVING ORGANISMS Characteristics of living organisms, prokaryotes
& eukaryotes, unicellular & multicellular,
pathogens
HUMAN NUTRITION Components of a balanced diet, structure of &
processes in the human alimentary canal,
peristalsis, bile, small intestine adaptations
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Digestion of starch, proteins, lipids
ENZYMES Definition, effects of temperature & pH, types of
enzymes
RESPIRATION Animal & plant aerobic & anaerobic respiration
GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS Structure of human thorax, inhalation &
exhalation processes, alveoli adaptations, effects
of smoking
DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, ACTIVE Definitions, factors affecting rate of movement
TRANSPORT
PLANT NUTRITION, Photosynthesis, limiting factors, leaf structure,
REPRODUCTION & TRANSPORT leaf adaptations for photosynthesis & gas
exchange, gas net exchange, root hair cells,
mineral ions, xylem & phloem, stomata, sexual &
asexual reproduction, flower structure, wind &
insect pollination, fertilisation, germination, seed
structure, transpiration, factors affecting
transpiration rate
HUMAN TRANSPORT Blood components, blood clotting, vaccination,
blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), heart
structure, coronary heart disease
COORDINATION & RESPONSE Homeostasis, body temperature regulation,
hormones, coordinated response, reflex arc,
synapse transmission, nervous & endocrine
system, eye, tropism, auxin
HUMAN REPRODUCTION Male & female reproductive system, menstrual
cycle, secondary sexual characteristics,
placenta, amniotic sac
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,INHERITANCE Definitions, human chromosomes, sex
determination, Punnett squares, codominance,
polygenic inheritance, haploid & diploid cells,
mitosis, meiosis, variation, mutation, natural
selection, bacteria antibiotic resistance, DNA,
RNA, transcription, translation, gene mutation
effects, mutagens
ECOLOGY & FEEDING Definitions, biotic & abiotic factors, trophic levels,
RELATIONSHIPS food chain, food web, energy transfer, pyramid of
number, pyramid of biomass, pyramid of energy
NUTRIENT CYCLES & HUMAN Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, greenhouse gases,
IMPACTS enhanced greenhouse effect, eutrophication,
deforestation
APPLICATIONS OF BIOLOGY Glasshouses, fertilisers, pest control, yeast in
food production, yoghurt production, industrial
fermenter, fish farming, selective breeding,
genetic engineering, micropropagation (tissue
culture), cloning animals
EXCRETION Urinary system, kidney structure, nephron
structure, ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption of
glucose, salts & water
PRACTICALS Variables, improve precision of measuring
instruments, improve reliability of results,
measuring instruments, energy content in food
sample, tests for glucose/starch/protein/fat,
effect of changing temperature & pH on enzyme
activity, evolution of CO2 & heat from respiring
organisms, breathing in humans, diffusion &
osmosis, photosynthesis & production of starch,
requirements of light, CO2 & chlorophyll for
photosynthesis, evolution of O2 from water plant,
effect of light on gas exchange, conditions for
germination, measure population size &
biodiversity using quadrats, rate of anaerobic
respiration by yeast, factors affecting
transpiration rate
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