Exam (elaborations)
CNM Board Exam Review Questions And Correct Answers
- Course
- Institution
CNM Board Exam Review Questions And Correct Answers...
[Show more]
Content preview
CNM Board Exam Review Questions And Correct Answerswhat is the 2nd leading cause of death in women ages 20-39 worldwide? - ANSWER
invasive cervical carcinoma
what is the purpose of the pap smear? - ANSWER * to detect treatable precancerous
lesions in the cervix
* used for screening and diagnosis (complementary to biopsy)
what is the gross appearance of the cervical transformation zone on colposcopy? -
ANSWER application of acetic acid reveals transition zone as white
What are the layers of cervical squamous epithelium? - ANSWER basal to apical:
* basal
* parabasal
* intermediate
* superficial
What are the normal histological appearances of the various layers of cervical
squamous epithelium? - ANSWER * basal: more cuboidal, dark blue, large nucleus
* parabasal: beginning to flatten out, more visible cytoplasm, still blue
* intermediate: flattened, squamous, shrunken nucleus, lighter blue
* superficial: very flat, nucleus disappearing, pink
What is a koilocyte? What does one look like/ -ANSWER A Koilocyte is a squamous
epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a
result of infection of the cell by HPV:
,* Nuclear enlargement
* Irregularity of the nuclear membrane contour
* A darker than normal nucleus (Hyperchromasia)
* A clear area around the nucleus (perinuclear halo)
What is the terminology used in describing cervical cells: in pap smear cytology?
biopsy/histology? - ANSWER * pap smear cytology: LSIL, HSIL
* biopsy/histology: CIN 1 (mild dysplasia), CIN 2 (moderate dysplasia), CIN 3 (severe
dysplasia to carcinoma in situ)
What is the cytologic appearance of LSIL on pap smear cytology? - ANSWER *
koilocytes
What is the cytologic appearance of HSIL on pap smear cytology? - ANSWER * more
undifferentiated koilocytes
what is the appearance of squamous cell carcinoma on pap smear cytology? - ANSWER
* lymphocytes
* fibroblasts
* old blood
what is the test to be carried out for a female whose pap smear shows LSIL? - ANSWER
* colposcopy
what treatment should be given to a patient whose pap smear shows HSIL? - ANSWER
either
a) immediate loop electrosurgical excision, or
b) colposcopy
what is the appearance of LSIL and HSIL on colposcopy and biopsy? - ANSWER
,what is the management for a female with a biopsy showing CIN 3? - ANSWER excision!
what % of CIN1 regress? what % of CIN 3 progress to cancer? - ANSWER CIN 1: 57%
regress spontaneously
CIN 3: >12% progress to cancer
what is ASC-US? what test should automatically follow a pap smear indicating ASC-US?
- ANSWER ASC-US: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance Borderline or
atypical abnormalities on Pap smear that do not fit into normal, LSIL, HSIL, or cancer
categories
* follow up: HPV test
for women >30 years old, what test should always be administered along with a pap
smear? why? - ANSWER HPV test!
* why? because HPV prevalence (main risk factor for cervical cancer) is lower in women
> 30 and is therefore a more meaningful surrogate marker for cancer risk
*a normal pap combined with a negative HPV test allows a woman to increase interval
between future screenings
Abnormal Pap Smear Flow Management- ANSWER
do we do routine screening for HPV in all women? why or why not?-ANSWER * HPV
screening is only done as a primary screen for women over 30
* why? because HPV a) is so common in young people and b) most often is
self-resolving, that it is a much less meaningful test for younger women than for older
women
important points about hpv vaccine - ANSWER * goal: to prevent hpv infection (6, 11, 16,
18) in naive girls/women & boys/men by inducing antibodies (cervical cancer
prevention)
* does not replace other preventive measures (condoms, etc.)
* vaccine contains vlps (virus-like particles)
, * gardasil protects against types of hpv that can cause genital/anal warts
* NOT used as treatment for existing hpv infection
* DOES NOT alter screening (pap smear) guidelines
what are the etiologies of abnormal uterine bleeding? (mnemonic) ANSWER mnemonic:
PALM COEIN
* Polyp (endometrial)
* Adenomyosis
* Leiomyosis (fibroids)
* Malignancy (cancer)
* Coagulopathy
* Ovulatory dysfunction
* Endometrial
* Iatrogenic
* Not yet classified
what are some uterine causes of abnormal uterine bleeding? ANSWER UTERUS:
* endometrial polyp
* pregnancy (normal, ectopic, spontaneous abortion)
* cancer
* trauma
* fibroids
* endometriosis
what are some cervical causes of abnormal uterine bleeding? ANSWER CERVIX:
* cervical cancer (SCC, adenocarcinoma)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Stetson. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77254 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now