Microbiology An Introduction 13e (Global Edition) By Gerard
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Tortora, Berdell Funke, Christine Case
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CHAPTER
The Microbial World and You L L L L
1 Global Edition
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Learning Objectives L Check Your Understanding L L
1-1 List several ways in which microbes
L L L L L Describe some of the destructive and beneficial
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affect our lives.
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1-2 Define microbiome, normal microbiota,
L L L What percentage of all cells in the human body
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and transient microbiota.
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1-3 Recognize the system of scientific L L L L Distinguish a genus from a specific epithet. L L L L L L
nomenclature that uses two names: a
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genus and a specific epithet.
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1-4 Differentiate the major characteristics of L L L L Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes?
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each group of microorganisms.
L L L L Which are eukaryotes?
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1-5 List the three domains.
L L L What are the three domains?
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1-6 Explain the importance of observations
L L L L What is the cell theory?
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made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.
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1-7 Compare spontaneous generation and
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biogenesis.
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1-8 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
L L L L How was spontaneous generation disproved?
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Logy made by Needham, Spallanzani,
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LVirchow, and Pasteur. L L
1-9 Explain how Pasteur’s work influenced
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Lister and Koch.
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1-10 Identify the importance of Koch’s
L L L L L What is the importance of Koch’s postulates?
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postulates.
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1-11 Identify the importance of Jenner’s
L L L L L What is the significance of Jenner’s discovery?
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work. L
1-12 Identify the contributions to microbiol-
L L L L L What was Ehrlich’s “magic bullet”?
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ogy made by Ehrlich and Fleming.
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1-13 Define bacteriology, mycology, parasit-
L L L L Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology,
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ology, immunology, and virology.
L L L L immunology, and virology.
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1-14 Explain the importance of microbial
L L L L L Differentiate microbial genetics, molecular L L L
genetics, molecular biology, and
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genomics.L
, 1-15 List at least four beneficial activities of
L L L L L L L Name two beneficial uses of bacteria.
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microorganisms.
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1-16 Name two examples of biotechnology
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that use recombinant DNA technology
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and two examples that do not.
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1-17 Define resistance.
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disease.
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1-18 Define biofilm.
L L Why are biofilms important? L L L
1-19 Define emerging infectious disease.
L L L L What factors contribute to the emergence of an
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infectious disease?
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New in This Edition
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• The resurgence in microbiology is highlighted in sections on the Second and Third
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Golden Ages of Microbiology.
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• The Emerging Infectious Diseases section has been updated.
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• A discussion of normal microbiota and the human microbiome has been added.
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Chapter Summary L
Microbes in Our Lives (p. 28) The L L L L L L
Microbiome (pp. 28–29)
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ASM 5.4: Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both
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human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral, or detrimental
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Lways.
ASM 6.2: Microorganisms provide essential models that give us
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fundamental knowledge about life processes.
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1. Living things too small to be seen with the unaided eye are called microorganisms.
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2. Microorganisms are important in maintaining Earth’s ecological balance. L L L L L L L
3. Everyone has microorganisms in and on the body; these make up the normal microbiota
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or human microbiome. The normal microbiota are needed to maintain good health.
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4. Some microorganisms are used to produce foods and chemicals.
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5. Some microorganisms cause disease. L L L
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
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ASM 2.4: While microscopic eukaryotes (e.g., fungi, protozoa, and algae)
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carry out some of the same processes as bacteria, many of the cellular
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properties are fundamentally different.
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Nomenclature (p. 30) L L
, 1. In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735), each living organism is
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assigned two names.
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2. The two names consist of a genus and a specific epithet, both of which are underlined or
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italicized.
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Types of Microorganisms (pp. 30–32)
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3. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus, the cells are described
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as prokaryotic.
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4. Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by binary fission, and they may
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possess flagella.
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5. Bacteria can use a wide range of chemical substances for their nutrition.
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6. Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
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7. Archaea include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.
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8. Fungi (mushrooms, molds, and yeasts) have eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus).
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Most fungi are multicellular.
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9. Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.
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10. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes. L L L
11. Protozoa obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.
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12. Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosyn-
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thesis. L
13. Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.
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14. Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells.
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15. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An
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envelope may surround the coat.
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16. The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites are flatworms and roundworms,
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collectively called helminths.
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17. The microscopic stages in the life cycle of helminths are identified by traditional
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microbiological procedures.
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Classification of Microorganisms (p. 32) L L L L
18. All organisms are classified into one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
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Eukarya include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
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A Brief History of Microbiology (pp. 32–40)
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ASM 7.4: Ability to understand the relationship between science and
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society
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The First Observations (pp. 32–33)
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1. Hooke’s observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the
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concept that all living things are composed of cells.
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2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe
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microorganisms (1673).
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, The Debate over Spontaneous Generation (pp. 33–35)
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3. Until the mid-1880s, many people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that
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living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.
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4. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are
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able to lay eggs on the meat (1668).
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5. John Needham claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated
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nutrient broth (1745).
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6. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s
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results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).
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7. Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from
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preexisting cells (1858).
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8. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered
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proof of biogenesis (1861).
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9. Pasteur’s discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and
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medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.
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The First Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 35–37)
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10. The science of microbiology advanced rapidly between 1857 and 1914.
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11. Pasteur found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the
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alcohol to acetic acid.
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12. A heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic
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beverages and milk.
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13. Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a causal relationship between
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microorganisms and disease.
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14. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to
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control infections in humans (1860s).
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15. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequence of
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procedures, now called Koch’s postulates (1876), that are used today to prove that a
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particular microorganism causes a particular disease.
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16. In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides
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humans with immunity to smallpox.
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17. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for
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fowl cholera; he coined the word vaccine.
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18. Modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens,
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from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques.
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The Second Golden Age of Microbiology (pp. 37–40)
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19. The Second Golden Age began with the discovery of penicillin’s effectiveness against
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infections.
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20. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the
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laboratory) and antibiotics (substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit
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the growth of other microorganisms).
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